medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía

2015, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Arch Neurocien 2015; 20 (4)

Almost all about nitric oxide

Pérez-Neri I

Language: Spanish
References: 67
Page: 271-280
PDF size: 345.53 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger that participates in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is produced by several cell types and may act on almost all of them. In living systems, its main reactions are interaction with oxyhemoglobin, with metals in proteins and its degradation by superoxide anion. It is part of signaling cascades by activating guanylate ciclase. In the central nervous system, it participates in the coupling of brain activity and blood flow, to guide nerve endings grow, to regulate neuronal migration and survival as well as glial cell differentiation and neurotransmitter release. NO is produced by NO synthase (NOS), of which three isoforms exist. The brain is the organ with the highest NOS activity. Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter associated with NO. Both toxic and protective effects are associated with NO. NO toxicity was known before its physiological function, it is associated with several pathologies including depression, neurodegenerative diseases, migraine, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. Those pathologies involve the great amount of processes mediated by NO, all the cell types that produced it and all the cell that are responsive to this messenger.


REFERENCES

  1. Moncada S, Radomski M, Palmer R. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: identification as nitric oxide and role in the control of vascular tone and platelet function. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:2495-501.

  2. Bult H, Boeckxstaens G, Pelckmans P, Jordaens F, Maercke M, A. Herman. Nitric oxide as an inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter. Nat 1990; 345:346-7.

  3. Wiesinger H. Arginine metabolism and the synthesis of nitric oxide in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2001;64:365-91.

  4. Adams M, Nock B, Truong R, Cicero T. Nitric oxide control of steroidogenesis: endocrine effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine and comparisons to alcohol. Life Sci 1991; 50:PL35-PL40.

  5. Beckman J, Beckman T, Chen J, Marshall P, Freeman B. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:1620-4.

  6. Dawson V, Dawson T, London E, Bredt D, Snyder S. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:6368-71.

  7. Knowles R, Palacios M, Palmer R, Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:5159-62.

  8. McCaslin P, Oh S. Nitric oxide and glutamate receptors. En: Stone T ed. CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Glutamate. Nueva York: CRC Press, 1995.

  9. Schmidt H, Walter U. NO at work. Cell 1994; 78:919-25.

  10. Nathan C, Xie Q. Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls and controls. Cell 1994; 78:915-8.

  11. Bredt D, Snyder S. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:9030-3.

  12. Edelman M, Gally J. Nitric oxide: linking space and time in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:11651-2.

  13. Hess D, Patterson S, Smith D, Skene P. Neuronal growth cone collapse and inhibition of protein fatty acylation by nitric oxide. Nature 1993; 366:562-6.

  14. Wink D, Grisham M, Mitchell J, Ford P. Direct and indirect effects of nitric oxide in chemical reactions relevant to biology. Methods Enzymol 1996; 268:12-31.

  15. Michal G. Biochemical pathways: an atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology. Berlin: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

  16. Clarkson R, Norby S, Smirnov A, Boyer S, Vahidi N, Nims R, et al. Direct measurement of the accumulation and mitochondrial conversion of nitric oxide within chinese hamster ovary cells using an intracellular electron paramagnetic resonance technique. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243:496-502.

  17. Molina J, Leza J, Ortiz S, Moro M, Pérez S, Lizasoaín I, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites are increased in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett 2002; 333:151-3.

  18. Buga G, Singh R, Pervin S, Rogers N, Schmitz D, Jenkinson C, et al. Arginase activity in endothelial cells: inhibition by NGhidroxy- L-arginine during high-output no production. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:H1988-H98.

  19. Salter M, Duf fy C, Gar thwaite J, Strijbos P. Ex vivo measurement of brain tissue nitrite and nitrate accurately reflects nitric oxide synthase activity in vivo. J Neurochem 1996; 66:1683-90.

  20. Shibuya K, Takata N, Hojo Y, Furukawa A, Yasumatsu N, Kimoto T, Enami T, et al. Hippocampal cytochrome P450s synthesize brain neurosteroids which are paracrine neuromodulators of synaptic signal transduction. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1619:301-316.

  21. Brenman J, Bredt S. Nitric oxide signaling in the nervous system. Methods Enzymol 1996; 269:119-129.

  22. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Eng J Med 1993; 329:2002-12.

  23. Sherwood L. Human physiology: from cells to systems. 4°. Edición. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2001.

  24. Stamler J. Redox signaling: nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide. Cell 1994; 78:931-6.

  25. Beckman J, Koppenol W. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol 1996; 40:C1424-C37.

  26. Marletta M. Nitric oxide synthase: aspects concerning structure and catalysis. Cell 1994; 78:927-30.

  27. Muñoz-Fernández M, Fresno M. The role of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, inter feron-g and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the development and pathology of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56:307-40.

  28. Förstermann U. Regulation of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity. En: Mayer B, ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology: nitric oxide. Vol. 143. Berlin: Springer, 2000.

  29. Garthwaite J. The physiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. En: Mayer B, ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology: nitric oxide. Vol. 143. Berlin: Springer, 2000.

  30. Schmidt H, Warner T, Ishii K, Sheng H, Murad F. Insulin secretion from pancreatic b cells caused by L-arginine-derived nitrogen oxides. Science. 1992; 255:721-3.

  31. White K, Marletta M. Nitric oxide synthase is a cytochrome P-450 type hemoprotein. Biochemistry 1992; 31:6627-31.

  32. Lipton S, Choi Y, Pan Z, Lei S, Chen H, Sucher N, et al. A redoxbased mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nat 1993;364:626-32.

  33. Bolaños J, Almeida A, Stewart V, Peuchen S, Land J, Clark J, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 1997; 68:2227-40.

  34. Snyder S. Nitric oxide and neurons. Curr Op Neurobiol 1992; 2:323-7.

  35. Dinerman J, Dawson T, Schell M, Snowman A, Snyder S. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase localized to hippocampal pyramidal cells: implications for synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:4214-8.

  36. Nathan C, Xie Q. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994;269:13725-8.

  37. Hope B, Michael G, Knigge K, Vincent S. Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2811-4.

  38. Wu G, Morris S. Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J 1998; 336:1-17.

  39. Alderton W, Cooper C, Knowles R. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001;357:593-615.

  40. Carlberg M. Assay of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by HPLC determination of citrulline. J Neurosci Meth 1994; 52:165-7.

  41. Hemmens B, Mayer B. Enzymology of nitric oxide synthases. En: Titheradge M, ed. Methods in molecular biology: nitric oxide protocols. Vol. 100. Totowa, NJ. Humana Press 1998.

  42. Xia Y, Dawson V, Dawson T, Snyder S, Zweier J. Nitric oxide synthase generates superoxide and nitric oxide in argininedepleted cells leading to peroxynitrite-mediated cellular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:6770-4.

  43. Xia Y, Zweier J. Direct measurement of nitric oxide generation from nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:12705-10.

  44. Bredt D, Snyder S. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:682-685.

  45. Knowles R, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994; 298:249-58.

  46. Eliasson M, Blackshaw S, Schell M, Snyder S. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase alternatively spliced forms: prominent functional localizations in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:3396-401.

  47. Bolaños J, Peuchen S, Heales S, Land J, Clark J. Nitric oxidemediated inhibition of the mitocondrial respiratory chain in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem 1994; 63:910-6.

  48. Arnt-Ramos L, O’Brien W, Vincent R. Inmunohistochemical localization of argininosuccinate synthetase in the rat brain in relation to nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons. Neuroscience 1992;51:773-89.

  49. Chao D, Hwang P, Huang F, Bredt D. Localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Methods Enzymol 1996; 268:488-96.

  50. Huang P, Dawson T, Bredt D, Snyder S, Fishman M. Targeted Disruption of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene. Cell 1993;75:1273-86.

  51. Crow J. Measurement and significance of free and protein bound 3-nitrotyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, and free 3-nitro-4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid in biologic samples: a highperformance liquid chromatography method using electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol 1999;301:151-60.

  52. Simmons W, Closs E, Cunningham J, Smith T, Kelly R. Cytokines and insulin induce cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) expression in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:11694-702.

  53. McConnell H, Bianchine J. Cerebrospinal fluid in neurology and psychiatry. Londres: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1994.

  54. Oldendor f f W. Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 1971;221:1629-39.

  55. Elgün S, Kumbasar H. Increased serum arginase activity in depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2000; 24:227-32.

  56. Abe T, Toghi H, Murata T, Isobe C, Sato C. Reduction in asymmetrical dimethylarginine, an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in the cerebrospinal fluid during aging and in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neusosci Lett 2001; 312:177-9.

  57. Das I, Khan N, Puri B, Hirsch S. Elevated endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in schizophrenic plasma may reflect abnormalities in brain nitric oxide production. Neurosci Lett 1996; 215:209-11.

  58. Gotoh T, Mori M. Arginase II downregulates nitric oxide (NO) production and prevents no-mediated apoptosis in murine macrophage-derived RAW 264.7 cells. J Cell Biol 1999; 144:427-34.

  59. Ratnakumari L, Qureshi I, Butterworth R, Marescau B, De Deyn P. Arginine-related guanidino compounds and nitric oxide synthase in the brain of ornithine transcarbamylase deficient spf mutant mouse: effect of metabolic arginine deficiency. Neurosci Lett 1996; 215:153-6.

  60. Wink D, Vodovotz Y, Grisham M, DeGraff W, Cook J, Pacelli R, Krishna M, Mitchell L. Antioxidant effects of nitric oxide. Methods Enzymol 1999; 301:413-24.

  61. Dawson T, Bredt D, Fotuhi M, Hwang P, Snyder S. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:7797-801.

  62. Heales S, Bolaños J, Stewart V, Brookes P, Land J, Clark J. Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. Bioch Biophys Ac 1999;1410:215-28.

  63. Shah A, Crespi F, Heidbreder C. Amino acid neurotransmitters: separation approaches and diagnostic value. J Chromatogr B 2002; 781:151-63.

  64. Regan R, Renn K, Panter S. NMDA neurotoxicity in murine cortical cell cultures is not attenuated by hemoglobin or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Neurosci Lett 1993; 153:53-6.

  65. MacMillan-Crow L, Crow J, Kerby J, Beckman J, Thompson J. Nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in chronic rejection of human renal allografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:11853-8.

  66. Shigenaga M. Quantitation of protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol 1999;301:27-40.

  67. Huang Z, Huang P, Panahian N, Dalkara T. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 1994; 265:1883-5.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com