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Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía

2015, Número 4

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Arch Neurocien 2015; 20 (4)


Casi todo sobre el óxido nítrico

Pérez-Neri I

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 67
Paginas: 271-280
Archivo PDF: 345.53 Kb.


RESUMEN

El óxido nítrico (NO) es un mensajero que participa en muchos procesos fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos. Es producido por diversos tipos celulares, puede tener efecto sobre casi cualquiera de ellos. Las principales reacciones que sufre el NO en sistemas vivos son la reacción con oxihemoglobina, interacción con los centros metálicos en algunas proteínas y su degradación por el anión superóxido. Participa en cascadas de señalización activando a guanilato ciclasa. En el sistema nervioso central, contribuye principalmente a acoplar el nivel de actividad cerebral con irrigación sanguínea, dirigir el crecimiento de las terminaciones nerviosas, además de regular la supervivencia y migración neuronales, la diferenciación de las células gliales y liberación de neurotransmisores. La formación de NO ocurre por actividad de la sintasa del NO (NOS), de la cual existen tres isoformas. El cerebro es el órgano que presenta la mayor actividad de la NOS. El principal neurotransmisor asociado con el NO es el glutamato. Se atribuyen al NO algunos efectos tanto tóxicos como protectores. La toxicidad del NO se conoce desde antes que sus efectos fisiológicos, se asocia con diversas patologías como la depresión, enfermedades neurodegenerativas, migraña, epilepsia y esclerosis múltiple. Las patologías en las que está involucrado el NO forman un conjunto muy diverso debido a la gran cantidad de procesos fisiológicos en los que el NO participa y la variedad de células que lo producen y son sensibles a sus efectos.


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