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Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2005, Number 5

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salud publica mex 2005; 47 (5)

Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant: emergence and dissemination.

Velázquez-Meza ME

Language: Spanish
References: 158
Page: 381-387
PDF size: 134.34 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Nosocomial infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important health problem worldwide. This microorganism causes a variety of clinical infections, including osteomyelitis, invasive endocarditis, septic arthritis and septicemia. Antimicrobial resistance is a factor that influences the persistence of MRSA in the hospital environment. The introduction of molecular typing techniques in epidemiological investigations has provided new tools for identifying the microorganism´s origin and routes of dissemination. One of the most important conclusions that have resulted from these types of studies is that a small number of clones are responsible for most of the staphylococcal infections throughout the world.


REFERENCES

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  26. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H. Disseminatios in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogenously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 1997;350:1670-1673.

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  33. Suzuki E, Kyoko K, Richardson JF. Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1219-1226.

  34. Pinho, MG, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. An acquired and a native penicillin-binding protein cooperate in building the cell wall of drugresistant staphylococci. Proc Nalt Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:10886-10891.

  35. Pinho, MG, Filipe SR, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. Complementation of essential peptidoglycan transpeptidase function of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) by the drug resistance protein PBP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2001;183:6525-6531.

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  37. Ito T, Katayama Y, Asada K, Mori N, Tsutsumimota K, Tiensasitorn C, Hiramatsu K. Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1323-1336.

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  87. Jerraud S, Peyrat MA, Lim A, Tristan A, Bes M, Mougel C, et al. egc, a highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 2001;166:669-677.

  88. Orwin PM, Leung DY, Donahue HL, Novick RP, Schlievert PM. Biochemical and biological properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin K. Infect Immun 2001;69:360-366.

  89. Yamaguchi T, Nishifuji K, Sasaki M, Fudaba Y, Aepfelbacher M, Takata T et al. Identification of the Staphylococcus aureus etd pathogenicity island which encodes a novel exfolative toxin, ETD, and EDIN-B. Infect Immun 2002;10:5835-5845.

  90. Tenover F C, Gaynes RP. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus infections. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 2000.

  91. Edmond MB, Wallance SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodtream infections in United States hospitals: A three-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29: 239-244.

  92. Selvey LA, Whitby M, Johnson B. Nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Is it any worse than nosocomial methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:645-648.

  93. Díaz-Ramos RD, Solórzano-Santos F, Padilla-Barrón G, Miranda-Novales MG, González-Robledo R, Trejo y Pérez A. Infecciones nosocomiales. Experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl 1:S12-S17.

  94. Chávez PBC. Infecciones intrahospitalarias ¿Qué ha pasado durante 23 años? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:89-92.

  95. Molina-Gamboa JD, Garza-Moreno H. Vigilancia de infecciones nosocomiales en un hospital de cardiología. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl1:S26-S31.

  96. Ponce de León S, Rangel-Frausto MS, Elías-López JI, Romero-Oliveros C, Huertas-Jiménez M. Infecciones nosocomiales: tendencias seculares de un programa de control en México. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:suppl1:S5-S11.

  97. Vargas OR, Salgado CJ. Agentes causales de neumonía nosocomial y su relación con microorganismos del ambiente hospitalario en pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:60-63.

  98. Camacho RR, Avila RR, López GE, Rodríguez De la Garza R, Sánchez ZM, Masud YZJ et al. Epidemiología de las infecciones nosocomiales en una unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;24:55-59.

  99. Wenzel RP, Nettleman MD, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for the 1990s and effective control measures. Am J Med 1991;91:221-227.

  100. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Poulsen KB, Esperse F, Scheibel J, Skinhoj P et al. Risk factor for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1437-1444.

  101. Speller DC, Johnson AP, James D. Resistance to methicillin and others antibiotics in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, England and Wales, 1989-1995. Lancet 1997;250:323-325.

  102. Jessen O, Rosendal K, Buloww P. Changing sthaphylococci and staphylococcal infections: A ten year study of bacteria and cases of bacteremia. N Engl J Med 1999;281:627-635.

  103. Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:582-586.

  104. Fluid AC, Jones ME, Schmitz FJ, Acar J, Gupta R, Verhoef J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of occurrence of clinical blood isolates in Europe from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997 and 1998. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:454-460.

  105. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ito K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;40:135-136.

  106. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H. Disseminatios in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogenously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 1997;350:1670-1673.

  107. Centers for Disease Control. Public health dispatch: Vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pennsylvania. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:902-903.

  108. Centers for Disease Control. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin, United States. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:565-567.

  109. Macia H, Medina V, Gaona R. Estafilococos resistentes a meticilina en un hospital general de León Guanajuato. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1993;3:123-127.

  110. Urdez HE, Sifuentes OJ, Calva J, Villalobos ZY. Epidemiological and biological characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in a Mexican Hospital. Arch Med Res 1999;30: 325-331.

  111. Calderón-Jaimes E, Espinoza de los Monteros LE, Avila-Beltrán R. Epidemiology of drug resistance: The case of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Salud Publica Mex 2002;44:108-112.

  112. Archer GL, Niemeyer DM. Origin and evolution of DNA asociated with resistance to methicillin in staphylococci. Trends Microbiol 1994;2:343-347.

  113. Suzuki E, Kyoko K, Richardson JF. Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1219-1226.

  114. Pinho, MG, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. An acquired and a native penicillin-binding protein cooperate in building the cell wall of drugresistant staphylococci. Proc Nalt Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:10886-10891.

  115. Pinho, MG, Filipe SR, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A. Complementation of essential peptidoglycan transpeptidase function of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) by the drug resistance protein PBP2A in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2001;183:6525-6531.

  116. Ito T, Katayama Y, Hiramatsu K. Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the entire mec DNA of pre-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315. Antimicrob gents Chemother 1999;43:1449-1458.

  117. Ito T, Katayama Y, Asada K, Mori N, Tsutsumimota K, Tiensasitorn C, Hiramatsu K. Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1323-1336.

  118. Hiramatsu K, Cui L, Kuroda M, Ito. T. The emergence and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:486-493.

  119. Oliveira DC, Tomasz A, de Lencastre H. The evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Identification of two ancestral genetic backgrounds and the associated mec elements. Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:349-361.

  120. Velazquez MME, Aires de Sousa M, Echaniz AG, Solorzano SF, Miranda NG, Silva SJ, De Lencastre H. Surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric hospital in Mexico city during a 7-year period (1997 to 2003): Clonal evolution and impact of infection control. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3877-3880.

  121. Projan SJ. Antibiotic resistance in the staphylococci. En: Fischett VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI, eds. Gram-positive pathogens. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 2000: 463-470.

  122. Paulsen IT, Firth N, Skurray RA. Resistance to antimicrobial agents other than β-lactams. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997: 158-174.

  123. Arbeit RD. Laboratory procedures for epidemiology analysis. En: Crossley KB, Archer GL, eds. The Staphylococci in human disease. Nueva York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:158-174.

  124. Weller TM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus typing methods: Which should be international standard? J Hosp Infect 2000;44:160-172.

  125. Musser JM, Schliever PM, Chow AW, Ewan P, Selander RK. A single clone of Staphylococcus aureus causes the majority of cases of toxic shock syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87: 225-229.

  126. Kreiswirth BJ, Kornblum RD, Arbeit W, Eisner JN, Maslow A, McGeer DE et alI. Evidence for a clonal origin of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Science 1993;259:227-230.

  127. De Lencastre H, Couto I, Santos I, Melo CJ, Torres PA, Tomasz A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in a Portuguese hospital: Characterization of clonal types by a combination of DNA typing methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994;13:64-73.

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