medigraphic.com
ISSN 1561-3046 (Electronic)

2015, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Rev Cub Med Mil 2015; 44 (4)

Updating on the diagnosis of human leptospirosis

Pérez EY, Obregón FAM, Rodríguez RIC, Alfonso GMJ

Language: Spanish
References: 39
Page: 416-427
PDF size: 106.03 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The human leptospirosis is zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, frequently present a difficult diagnosis because have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. The objective of this work is to present an upgrade on the diagnosis of the human leptospirosis; for it was consulted it the available bibliography on the topic in the databases of Scielo, HINARI, Pubmed-Medline and different texts and articles of the last five years to deepen in the diagnosis. The microbiologic diagnostic is the base of the confirmation of the illness; it depends on the taking of sample in the appropriate moment and the correct indication of the complementary one according to the clinical phase. The observation for microscopy of dark field is not very sensitive since the leptospiras can made a mistake with poetics filaments or other devices. The etiologic agent's isolation constitutes the gold standard test; although offers a retrospective result. The polymerase chain reaction is a method used for the quick diagnosis of the infection, the quantitative variant in real time shows substantial advantages, because it allows the immediate reading and avoids the electrophoresis step, these techniques are not available for its high cost. The serologic diagnostic charges vital importance in this entity, it overcomes in speed, simplicity and low cost to the cultivation; the microagglutinación with a live antigen is considered the reference technique. The detection of IgM for enzyme linked immunobsorbent assay has been broadly used. The rapid tests based on the lateral flow immunochromatography, are a very useful variant, since they offer the result between 5 and 30 minutes.


REFERENCES

  1. Adler B, De la Peña A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Veterinary Microbiology 2010;140:287-96.

  2. Guerra MA. Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009;234:472-8.

  3. García RG, Reyes AT, Basilio DH, Ramírez MP, Rivas BS. Leptospirosis; un problema de salud pública. Rev Latinoamer Patol Clin. 2013;60(1):57-70.

  4. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:736-47.

  5. Chin J. El control de las enfermedades transmisibles. 17a. ed. Washington DC: OPS; 2005.

  6. Bello S, Rodríguez M, Paredes A, Mendivelso F, Walteros D, Rodríguez F, et al. Comportamiento de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Colombia, 2007-2011. Biomédica 2013 [citado 3 Nov 2014];33(S-1):53-60. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/bio/v33s1/v33s1a17.pdf

  7. Suárez Conejero AM, Otero Morales JM, Cruillas Miranda S, Otero Suárez M. Prevención de leptospirosis humana en la comunidad. Rev Cub Med Mil. 2015 [citado 12 Jun 2015];44(1):86-95. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138- 65572015000100010&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

  8. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Anuario Estadístico de Salud en Cuba. La Habana: MINSAP; 2013 [citado 30 Abr 2014]. Disponible en: http://files.sld.cu/dne/files/2014/05/anuario-2013-esp-e.pdf

  9. OMS. Leptospirosis humana: guía para el diagnóstico, vigilancia y control. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2008 [citado 3 Nov 2014]. Disponible en: http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid= 19119&Itemid=2518&lang=en

  10. Hartskeerl RA, Pereira MC, Ellis WA. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(4):494-501.

  11. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 5ta ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2007.

  12. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, editors Harrison's Principles of internal medicine, et al. 7ma ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.

  13. Goldman L, Ausiello D, editores Cecil Medicine. 23ra ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.

  14. Evangelista K, Coburn J. Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses. Future Microbiology 2010;5(9)1413-25.

  15. Mesén AG, Sandí LV. Leptospirosis. Revista Médica de Costa Rica y Centroamérica 2010;LXVII(592):115-21.

  16. Seijo A, Romer Y, San Juan J, Prieto R, Nogueras M, De Vedia L, et al. Neumonía aguda de la comunidad y hemorragia pulmonar por leptospirosis en el área metropolitana Buenos Aires. Medicina 2011;71:127-34.

  17. Kendall EA, La Rocque CR, Bui DM, Galloway R, Ari MD, Goswami D, et al. Leptospirosis as a Cause of Fever in Urban Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010;82(6)1127-30.

  18. Gallegos MA, Sandí VL. Leptospirosis. Revista Médica de Costa Rica y Centroamérica 2010;LXVII(592)115-21.

  19. OMS. Ébola virus Disease. Nota descriptiva número 103 [Internet]. 2014 [citado 27 Oct 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/es/

  20. OPS/OMS. Fiebre Chikungunya. Información para proveedores de asistencia sanitaria. Ayuda memoria [Internet]. 2014 [citado 3 Nov 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/es/

  21. De Francesco Daher E, Soares de Abreu K, da Silva Junior GB. Leptospirosisassociated acute kidney injury. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrología 2010;32(4):400-7.

  22. Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Umapathi T, Sehgal SC. Evaluation of darkground microscopy as a rapid diagnostic procedure in leptospirosis. Indian J Med Res. 2001;114:54-8.

  23. Musso D, La Scola B. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge. J MicrobiolImmunol Infect. 2013;46(4):245-52.

  24. Balassiano IT, Vital-Brazil JM, Pereira MM. Leptospirosis diagnosis by immunocapture polymerase chain reaction: a new tool for early diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74(1):11-5.

  25. Moreno N, Agudelo P. Aplicación de las pruebas de PCR convencional simple y múltiple para la identificación de asilamientos de Leptospira spp. en Colombia. Revista Peruana Medicina Experimental Salud Pública 2010;27:548-56.

  26. Vital J, Balassiano I, Oliveira F, Costa A, Hillen L, Pereira M. Multiplex PCRbased detection of Leptospira in environmental water samples obtained from a slum settlement. Memoria Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2010;105(3):353-5.

  27. Obregón Fuentes AM, Fernández Molina C, Martínez Motas I, Llop Hernández A, Rodríguez González I, Rodríguez Silveira J, et al. Sistemas serológicos rápidos utilizados para la pesquisa de leptospirosis humana en Cuba. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2011 Dic [citado 17 May 2014];63(3):239-45. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S03757602011000300007&l ng=es

  28. Pol S, Bharadwaj R. Evaluation of high performance liquid chromatography purified leptospiral antigen for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009;62:428-31.

  29. Picardeau M. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med. Mal Infect. 2013;43(1):1-9

  30. Smythe LD, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Suputtamongkol Y, Tiengrim S, Dohnt, et al. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is an unreliable predictor of infecting Leptospira serovar in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81:695-7.

  31. Dassanayake DL, Wimalaratna H, Agampodi SB, Liyanapathirana VC, Piyarathna TA, Goonapienuwala BL. Evaluation of surveillance case definition in the diagnosis of leptospirosis, using the Microscopic Agglutination Test: a validation study. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:48.

  32. Sarkar J, Chopra A, Katageri B, Raj H, Goel A. Leptospirosis: a reemerging infection. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5(6):500-2.

  33. Silpasakorn S , Waywa D, Hoontrakul S, Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Suputtamongkol Y. Performance of Leptospira immunoglobulin M ELISA and rapid immunoglobulin G immunochromatographic assays for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94(1):203-6.

  34. Vasconcellos FA, Coutinho ML, da Silva EF, Fernández CP, Monte LG, Seyffert N, et al. Testing different antigen capture ELISA formats for detection of Leptospira spp. in human blood serum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;24:29-34.

  35. Obregón AM, Martell M. Diagnóstico serológico de la leptospirosis humana mediante tres variantes de la técnica de hemoaglutinación pasiva. Rev. Cubana Med Trop. 1999;51(1):60-2.

  36. Gussenhoven GC, Hoorn WG, Goris GA, Terpstra WJ, Hartskeerl RA, Mol BW, et al. LEPTO dipstick, a dipstick assay for detection of Leptospira specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human sera. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:92-7.

  37. Goris MG, Leeflang MG , Loden M, Wagenaar JF, Klatser PR, Hartskeerl RA, et all. Prospective Evaluation of Three Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(7):2290.

  38. Confer AW, Ayalew S. The OmpA family of proteins: Roles in bacterial pathogenesis and immunity. Vet Microbiol. 2013;163(3-4):207-22.

  39. Murray GL. The lipoprotein LipL32, an enigma of leptospiral biology. Vet Microbiol. 2013;162(2-4):305-14.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com