medigraphic.com
ISSN 1561-3003 (Electronic)

2014, Number 2

<< Back Next >>

Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol 2014; 52 (2)

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and their impact on human health

Revueltas AM, Avila RI, Baqués MR, Beltrán RRC

Language: Spanish
References: 59
Page: 210-227
PDF size: 149.99 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction: recorded intensity of the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) from the use of electricity at work and in community settings, exceeds several times the natural background values and is expected to increase in the coming years. The approach to the EMF and knowledge of the controversial issue prompted us to prepare this paper.
Objective: to show the influence of the electromagnetic fields on the human body and its possible implications for health.
Methods: occupational and Medicine, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environmental and Health were among the specialized journals on environmental health published from 1988-1997 and used to make a literature review on this topic. International databases, sources and other information resources were explored.
Results: of the total number of publications, only 4 did not relate exposure to electromagnetic field with onset of human health problems; but the vast majority (55 documents) did so in one way or another. Six made reference to the electromagnetic field causing somehow biological and physiological changes in humans whereas 49 associated it with the occurrence of diseases.
Conclusions: there is no doubt that the productive and technical development has not been unrelated to human health. Therefore, it is required to determine, quantify and assess the risk in order to clarify its relation to human health, which will allow taking actions towards protection and safety in the future.


REFERENCES

  1. Organización Mundial de Salud. Campos electromagnéticos (CEM). Programas y proyecciones [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2012 [citado 14 Ago 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/peh- mf/about/WhatisEMF/es/index.html

  2. García SI. La Salud Humana y los Campos electromagnéticos de frecuencia extremadamente baja (CEM-FEB) [Internet]. Washington: PAHO; 2005 [citado 6 Feb 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd50/humana.pdf

  3. Szabé D. Standards and guidelines on protection against non-ionizing radiation. Central European J of Occup and Environ Med. 1995;1(3):281.

  4. Knave B. Radiation, non-ionizing. En: Stellman JM, editor. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. vII.4th ed. Geneva: International Labour Office; 1998;(2):p. 49. 1-49.31.

  5. Organización Mundial de Salud. CEM y Salud Pública. International EMF Proyect Hoja informativa No.263 [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2001 [citado12 Jul 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/peh-emp

  6. Organización Mundial de Salud. Los campos electromagnéticos y la salud pública: las frecuencias extremadamente bajas (ELF) [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2008 [citado 31 May 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/emf/

  7. Koifman S, Echnique Matos I. Campos electromagnéticos denfreqüência extremadamente baixa (50-60Hz) e cáncer: Revisao comentada da literatura. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública; 1996.

  8. Heredia Rojas JA, Rodríguez Flores L, Santoyo Stephano M, Castañeda Garza E, Rodríguez De la Fuente A. Los campos electromagnéticos: ¿un problema de salud pública? Respyn [Internet] 2003 [citado 6 Feb 2012];4(1):[aprox. 25 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.respyn.vanl.mx/iv/1/ensayos/campos.html

  9. Halliday D, Resnick R. Física. 3ra ed. La Habana: Pueblo y Educación; 1975.

  10. Skvarca J, Aguirre A. Normas y estándares aplicables a los campos electromagnéticos de radiofrecuencias en América Latina: guía para los límites de exposición y los protocolos de medición. Rev Panam Salud Pública [Internet]. 2006 [citado 7 Ago 2012];20(2-3):[aprox. 25 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1020- 49892006000800017&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

  11. Blackman CF. ELF Effects on Calcium Homeostasis. En: Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: the question of cancer. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press; 1990.

  12. Adey WR. Cell Membranes: The Electromagnetic Enviromental and Cancer Promotion. Neurochemical Research. 1988;13(7):671-7.

  13. Ecotecnics Wordpress. Efectos de las líneas de alta tensión para la salud [Internet]. Ecotecnics; 2010 [citado 2 Feb 2012]. Disponible en: http://ecotecnics. wordpress.com/salud_y_campos-electromagneticos-2/salud_y_camposelectromagnéticos

  14. Stevens RG. Biologically Based Epidemiological Studies of Electric Power and Cancer. Enviromental Health Perpectives Supplements. 1993;101(4):93-100.

  15. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks. Health Effects of Exposure to EMF [Internet]. SCENIHR; 2009 [citado 31 May 2012]. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_022.pdf

  16. Reiter RJ. Melatonina, free radicals and electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;(125):1-3.

  17. Markov MS, Pilla AA. Weak static magnetic field modulation of myosin phosphorylation in a cell free preparation: calcium dependence. Biolectrochemistry and Bionergetics. 1997;(43):233-8.

  18. Davanipour Z, Sobel E. Magnetic Field Exposure: Melatonin Production; Alzheimer´s Disease; Breast Cancer [Internet]. 2007. [citado 6 Feb 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.bioinitiative.org/freeaccess/report/does/section_

  19. Reiter RJ. A review of Neuroendocrine and Neurochemical Changes Associated with Static and Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science. 1993;28(1):57-75.

  20. Anderson LE. Biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: In vivo studies. In: Bierbaum PJ, Peters JM, eds. Proceedings of the Scientific Workshop on the Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Workers. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1991. p. 47-89.

  21. Pérez Alejo, JL. Campo electromagnético, melatonina y cáncer. Rev Cubana Med Mil [Internet] 2006 [citado 31 May 2012]; 35(1): [aprox. 2 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.bus.sld.cu/revistas/mil/vol35_1_06/mil0106.pdf

  22. Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente. Influencia de los CEM en la salud.Informe Bioinitiative [Internet]. 2007 [citado 2 Feb 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.nextup. org/pdf./Eea Europa Radiation RiskFromEverydayDevices Assessed/709 2007.pdf

  23. Pourrier G, Nuñez P. Niños, líneas de alta tensión y cáncer. The Ecologist para España y Latinoamérica [Internet]. 2005 [citado 6 Feb 2012]; [aprox. 5 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.the ecologist.net/files/artículos/21_art4.asp

  24. Khail AM, Qassem W, Amoura F. Cytogenetic changes in human lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to high-voltage electromagnetic fields. Electro and magnetobiology. 1993;12(1):17-26.

  25. European research of environment and health. Risk evaluation of potential environmental hazards from low energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure using sensitive in vitro methods [Internet] 2005 [citado 31 Oct 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.ec.ev/research/environment/pdf/env_health_projects/electromagnetic_ fields/e-reflex.pdf

  26. Úbeda Maeso A, Martínez Pascual MA, Cid Torres MA, Trillo Ruiz MA, Paíno Belarrinosa CL. Campos ambientales débiles y lipoatrofia semicircular. Mapfre. Seguridad y Medio Ambiente. 2011;(123):10-21.

  27. McCarty DE, Carrubba S, Chesson AL, Frilot C, González-Toledo E, Marino AA. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: Evidence for a novel neurological Syndrome. Int J Neurosci Bristol [Internet]. 2011 [citado 2 Sep 2012];[aprox. 26 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.aipro.info/drive/File/Electromagnetic%20hypersensitivity%20evidebnce %20for%20a%20novel%20neurological%20syndrome%20- %20di%20D.E.%20McCarty%20et%20al.,%2002%2008%2011.pdf

  28. Knave B, Niland J, Zenz C. Nonionizing Radiation. En: Zenz C, Dickerson OB, Horvath EP [Editors Occupational Medicine]. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. 3ra. ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994. p. 384-92.

  29. LaDou J. Medicina Laboral. 2da ed. México DF: El Manual Moderno; 1999. p. 171.

  30. Blaasaas KG, Tynes T, Irgens A, Lie RT. Risk of birth defects by parental occupational exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields: a population based study. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59(2):92-7.

  31. Boffetta P. Cancer. En: Stellman JM, editor. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th ed. Vol.I. Geneva: International Labour Office; 1998. p. 2-13.

  32. Savitz DA. Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and brain cancer. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(10):617-8.

  33. Kheifets L, Bowman JD, Checkoway H, Feychting M, Harrington JM, Kavet R. Future needs of occupational epidemiology of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: review and recommendations. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(2):72-80.

  34. Johansen C. Electromagnetic fields and health effects – epidemiologic studies of cancer and arrhythmia-related heart disease. Scand J Work Environ Heath. 2004;30(Suppl1):1-80.

  35. Organización Mundial de Salud. Campos electromagnéticos y salud pública. Exposición a campos de frecuencia extremadamente baja. Nota descriptiva No. 322 [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2007 [citado 4 Jul 2012]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/es/

  36. Habermann M, Marcílio I, Lopes M, Prado R, Souza M, Gouveia N. Desigualdad social y exposición a campos magnéticos en la región de Sao Paulo. Rev Saúde Pública [Internet]. Ago 2010 [citado 14 Ago 2012];44(4):[aprox. 18 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.pdp?scipt=sci_arttext&pid=S0034- 89102010000400014

  37. Barceló Pérez C, González Sánchez Y, Calderón Baró J, Ramírez Sotolongo JC. Componente magnético del campo electromagnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja (elf) en áreas de la ciudad de Cienfuegos. Boletín InfoHEM [CD-Rom]. 2010 Jul-Sep;8(3):0-0.

  38. Wertheimer N, Leeper E. Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childood Cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109(3):273-84.

  39. Feychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near swedish high-voltage power lines. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138(7):467-81.

  40. Feychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic Fields, Leukemia, and Central Nervous System Tumor in Swedish Adults Residing near High-Voltage Power Lines. Epidemiology. 1994;5(5):501-9.

  41. Davitz DA, Loomis PP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukaemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(2):123-34.

  42. Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen JH, Tynes T, Verkasalo PK. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2000 Sep;83(5):692-8.

  43. Villaneuve PJ, Agnew DA, Miller AB, Corey PN. No-Hodgkin´s lymphoma among electric utility workers in Ontario: the evaluation of alternate indices of exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(7):249-57.

  44. Harrington JM, Nichols L, Sorahan T, Tongeren M. Leukaemia mortality in relation to magnetic field exposure: findings from a study of United Kingdom electricity generation and transmission workers,1973-97. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58(5):307-14.

  45. Willett EV, McKinney PA, Fear NT, Cartwright RA, Roman E. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and acute leukaemia: analysis of a case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(8):577-83.

  46. Draper G, Vincent T, Kroll M, Swanson J. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. Br Med J[Internet]. 2005 June4 [citado 2 Feb 2012];330(7503):[aprox. 6 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gou/pmc/issues/18603/

  47. Barceló Pérez C, Guzmán Piñeiro R, Taureaux Díaz N. Campos electromagnéticos de baja frecuencia y leucemia infantil en Ciudad de la Habana. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol [Internet]. 2005 [citado 7 Ago 2012];43(3):[aprox. 20 p.]. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid:5O864- 03001997000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

  48. Mcnally R, Parker L. Environmental factors and childhood acute leukemias and lymphomas. Leukemia & Lymphoma [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2012 Oct 9];47(4). Available from: http://hinari-gw.who.int/whalecominformahealthcare.com/ whalecom0/doi/pdf/10.1080/10428190500420973

  49. Guzmán Piñeiro R, Barceló Pérez C, Taureaux Díaz N, Reyes Secades G, Moncada Rodríguez I. Estudio caso-control sobre factores de riesgo de la leucemia infantil en Ciudad de la Habana. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol [Internet]. Abr 2007 [citado 14 Ago 2012];45(1). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php? scrpt=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-30032007000100006&1ng=es

  50. Reyes Secades G, Barceló Pérez C, Moncada Rodríguez I. Leucemia infantil aguda y campos electromagnéticos en municipios de Ciudad de La Habana: Estudio de casos y controles. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol [Internet]. Abr 2006 [citado 14 Ago 2012];44(1). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_ arttext&pid=S1561-30032006000100002&1ng=es

  51. Karipidis K, Benke G, Sim M, Fritschi L, Yost M, Armstrong B, Hughes AM, Grulich A, Vajdic CM, Kaldor JM, Kricker A. Occupational exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(1):25-9.

  52. Suárez Cabrera R, López Pumar GM, Sarduy Vega O. Estudio de mortalidad entre miembros de la Asociación Nacional de Jubilados Eléctricos de Cuba. Ciudad de la Habana.1990-2003. Rev Cubana Salud Trabajo. 2007;8(1):22-7.

  53. Yang Y, Jin X, Yan Ch, Tian Y, Tang J, Shen X. Case-only study of interactions between DNA repair genes (hMLH1, APEX1, MGMT, XRCC1 and XPD) and lowfrequency electromagnetic fields in childhood acute leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma [Internet]. Dec 2008 [citado 9 Oct 2012];49(12):[ aprox. 17 p.]. Disponible en: http://hinari-gw.who.int/whalecominformahealthcare.com/ whalecom0/doi/pdf/10.1080/10428190802441347

  54. Kroll ME, Swanson J, Vincent JJ, Draper GT. Childhood cancer and magnetic fields from high-voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(7):1122-7.

  55. Marcilio I, Gouveia N, Pereira Filho ML, Kheifets L. Adult mortality from leukemia, brain cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and magnetic fields from power lines: a case-control study in Brazil. Rev bras epidemiol [Internet]. 2011 [citado 2 Sep 2012];14(4):[aprox. 12 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S141

  56. Ferris I, Tortajada J, Ortega García JA, Soldin OP, Navarro Camba EA, García I. Efectos en la salud pediátrica de la radiación electromagnética de frecuencias extremadamente bajas. Rev Esp Peditr. 2010;66(3):151-61.

  57. Mezei G, Kavet R. Power frequency Magnetic Field Exposure and Childhood Leukemia- Epidemiologic Evidence and Research Perspectives. Centr Eur J Occup Environ Med. 2004;10(2):115-26.

  58. Hietanen M. Book reviews. Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: static and extremely low-frequency (elf) electric and magnetic fields. Scand J Work Envirom Health. 2002;28(4):285.

  59. Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa. Consejo de Europa pide que se tomen medidas frente a la radiación [Internet]:APCE; 2011. [citado 12 Jul 2012]. Disponible en: http:// www.next_up.org/Newsoftheworld/2011.pdf




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com