medigraphic.com

2003, Number 4

<< Back Next >>

Vet Mex 2003; 34 (4)

Electrocardiographic review in swine: electrical auricular systole, electrical ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

Fernández PP, Castejón MFM, Agüera BEI, Escribano DE, Tovar BP, Rubio LMD

Language: English/Spanish
References: 103
Page: 343-371
PDF size: 251.34 Kb.


ABSTRACT

This study aims to compile the greatest number of data concerning electrical auricular systole as well as electrical ventricular depolarization and repolarization in swine using a non-invasive technique such as electrocardiography. This review proves the peculiarity of cardiac activation and recovery, due to the distribution of Purkinje fibres throughout the ventricular myocardium of swine, where small areas are free from these conduction fibres, thus producing varied readings during electrocardiography. Firstly, electrical auricular systole is described, including ventricular depolarization and repolarization, as well as any factor that may influence these processes. Secondly, the study aims to classify the mean values for duration and voltage, as well as values obtained by other authors, so as to clarify both concepts for all veterinarians working with electrocardiography in swine. The views of different authors who have carried out electrocardiography studies on the duration, voltage and morphology of every component of the electrical auricular systole, as well as both electrical ventricular depolarization and repolarization are compiled in this study. There is a great variability between the results reported mainly due to differences between swine breeds, ages, weights, use of different derivation systems as well as great variability between experimental conditions.


REFERENCES

  1. Tranchesi J. Electrocardiograma normal e patológico. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Athenem 1972.

  2. 2. Bartels EF. Die Herzzeitwerte des nicht fixierten Schweines in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter, Körpergewicht, Körperlänge, Brustumfang und Widerristhöhe sowie dem Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung nach der letzten Fütterung (inaugural dissertation). Hannover, Deutschlan: Tieräztliche Hochschule Hannover 1972.

  3. 3. Rubio MD, Santisteban R, Castejón FM, Tovar P. Influence of age on the electrical auricular systole in swine. J Vet Med A. 1989;36:64-70.

  4. 4. Zhao N, Khan M, Ingenito S, Sica AL, Gootman N, Gootman PM. Electrocardiographic changes during postnatal development in cautious swine with cardiac autonomia in balance. Anat Neurosci-Basis and Clin. 2001;88:167-174

  5. 5. Sodi-Pallares D, Medrano GA, Bisteni A, Ponce de León J. Electrocardiografía clínica: análisis deductivo. México (DF): Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 1968.

  6. 6. Detweiler DK. Electrophysiology of the heart. In: Brobeck JR, editor. Best and Taylor’s physiological basis of medical practice. London (UK): Williams and Wilkins Co.,1981;47-111

  7. 7. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Músculo cardíaco. El corazón como bomba. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Tratado de Fisiología Médica. 10ª ed. México (DF): Interamericana McGraw-Hill, 2001;9:115-127.

  8. 8. Constant J. Electrocardiografía: curso de enseñanza programada. 2ª ed. Barcelona, España: Salvat, 1984.

  9. 9. Santisteban R. Electrofisiología del corazón. El electrocardiograma. In: García Sacristán A, Castejón Montijano S, Cruz Palomino LF, González Gallego J, Murillo López de Silones MD, Salido Ruiz G, editores Fisiología veterinaria. Madrid, España:Interamericana-Mc Graw-hill, 1995:303-313.

  10. 10. Hamlin RI, Smith CR. Categorization of common domestic mammals based upon their ventricular activation process. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965ª;127:195-203.

  11. 11. Smith CR, Hamlin RL, Crocker HD. Comparative electrocardiography: Part II. Comparative aspects of intramural spread of excitation and recovery. NY Acad Sci 1965;127:155-169.

  12. 12. Tilley LP. Essentials of canine and feline electrocardiography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1985.

  13. 13. Committee on Electrocardiography, American Heart Association. Recommendations for standardization of electrocardiographic leads. Circulation 1954;10:564-573.

  14. 14. Thielscher HH. Der Einfluss eines Kontrollierten Lauftrainings auf das Elektrokardiogramm bei Schweinen verschiedener Rassen. Zbl Vet Med A 1966;13:602-618.

  15. 15. Zannetti G, Corbella E. Aspetti clinici dell’ enterite neonatale dei suinetti. Clin Vet 1975;98:317-332.

  16. 16. Tovar P, Santisteban R, Porras A, Vivo R, Castejón FM. Análisis electrocardiográfico de la sístole eléctrica auricular en ovinos. Rev Esp Fisiol 1985;41:317-324.

  17. 17. Santisteban R, Castejón FM, Vivo R, Tovar P. Estudio del auriculograma en bovinos Holstein-Frisian. J Vet Med A 1986;33:259-265.

  18. 18. Oliveira-Dantas M. Detención por electrocardiología de la influencia del ejercicio físico sobre la actividad cardiaca de ovinos Merino precoz. (tesis de doctorado). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria, Univ Córdoba, 1992.

  19. 19. Rubio MD, Santisteban R, Herrera F, Castejón FM. Sístole eléctrica auricular en suidos. Med Vet 1988:651-659.

  20. 20. Ibañez J, Rubio MD, Tovar P, Castejon F, Santisteban R. Variations caused by training in the electrocardiographic outline of swine (Landrace x White Belgian). Rev Esp Fisiol 1990;46:255-260.

  21. 21. Fernández P. Estudio comparativo del electrocardiograma y electrolitos plasmáticos en cerdos de razas Ibérica y Duroc. (tesis de doctorado). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria, Univ Córdoba, 1997.

  22. 22. Shimizu N, Amori H, Kato D, Okamoto T, Koyama H, Sako T, et al. Electrocardiograms of 1.139 Beagle dogs recorded by autoanalizing electrocardiographs; change in ECG values with aging. Bull Nippon Vet Zootech Coll 1986;35:71-76.

  23. 23. Bernal LJ, Montes A, Bayon A, Fernández del Palacio MJ, Gutiérrez C. Evolución del electrocardiograma en perros Beagle de 1 a 3 meses. Revista Sociedad española de experimentación animal. 1991.

  24. 24. Schafer H, Haas HG. Electrocardiography. In: Hamilton Wf, Dow P, editors. Handbook of physiology. Washington (DC): Am Physiol Soc 1962.

  25. 25. Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. Diseases of the blood and cardiovascular system. In: Bone JF; Calcott EJ; Gabel MA; Johson LE, Rilelg WF, editors. Equine medicine and surgery. Santa Bárbara, California: American Veterinary Publications, Inc 1963; 338-397.

  26. 26. Hamlin RL, Smith CR. Electrofisiología del corazón.. In: Duke´s physiology of domestic animals. Hamlin RL, Smith CR, editors. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 1970.

  27. 27. Lepeschkin E. Modern electrocardiography. The P-Q-R-S-T-U complex. Baltimore (Ma):Willians and Wilkins Co, 1951.

  28. 28. Lannek N. A clinical and experimental study on the electrocardiogram in dog. (Inaugural dissertation). Stockholm. Med. Clin. R Vet. Coll. 1949.

  29. 29. Ibañez JJ. Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el trazado electrocardiográfico del cerdo. (Tesis de licenciatura). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ Córdoba. 1989.

  30. 30. Bernal LJ, Montes A, Bayon A, Fernández del Palacio MJ, Gutiérrez C. Evolución del electrocardiograma en perros Beagle de 1 a 6 meses. Actas del XXIV Congreso Mundial de Veterinaria; 1991 Brasil. 1991:117-127.

  31. 31. Santisteban R, Castejón FM, Tovar P. Cambios maduracionales en el ECG bovino: I. Activación ventricular. J Vet Med A1987;34:234-240.

  32. 32. Escribano B, Castejón FM, Santisteban R, Agüera EI, Muñoz A, Rubio MD. Registros electrocardiográficos en ungulados. Actas del IV Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española para las ciencias del animal de laboratorio; 1996 Octubre 23-25; Gasteiz, Vitoria, España; C.C. 10.

  33. 33. Rubio MD, Escribano BM, Vivo R, Santisteban R, Agüera S, Agüera EI, Muñoz A, Castejon FM. Electrocardiograma en cerdos: influencia de tranquilizantes. Actas del IV Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española para las ciencias del animal de laboratorio; 1996 Octubre 23-25; Gasteiz, Vitoria, España; C.C. 29

  34. 34. Rubio MD. Evolución ontogénica de las variaciones electrocardiográficas en la especie porcina (Sus scrofa). (Tesis de doctorado).Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ Córdoba, 1987.

  35. 35. Schülze RA, Pretorius PJ. An electrocardiographic study of normal goats and cattle using a modified technique. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1972;39:209-224.

  36. 36. Illera M, García-Sacristán A. Correlaciones entre concentraciones electrolíticas y cambios electrocardiográficos. Actas de la XIV Reunión Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Sevilla España. 1973; 87-90

  37. 37. Cornet PH. Precis d’electrocardiographie canine. Point Veterinaire, Paris. 1985.

  38. 38. Castejón FM. Modelos tele-electrocardiográficos tetraédricos en el caballo. Hygia Pecoris 1978;2:69-101.

  39. 39. Castejón FM, González JM, Ávila Y, Riber C. Estudio del auriculograma equino y sus variaciones en el esfuerzo. Higia Pecoris III 1981; 3:31-45.

  40. 40. Dukes TW, Szabuniewicz M. The electrocardiogram of conventional and miniature swine (Sus scrofa). Can J Comp Med 1969;33:118-127.

  41. 41. Nakano M. Studies on the electrocardiograms in the pig. Bull Nippon Vet Zootech Coll 1973;22:84-115.

  42. 42. Ohi S, Fujiwara R, Sesaki K. Studies on the electrocardiogram of swine. The mean electric axis obtained from various dipolar leads. Bull Coll Agric Utsunomiya Univ 1973a;8:47-57.

  43. 43. Sawazaki H, Hirose H, Matsui K, Yamori K, Hanyu I. Comparative electrocardiographical studies on the wave form of QRS complex in vertebrates. Jap J Vet Sci 1976;38:235-240.

  44. 44. Ohi S, Fujiwara R, Sesaki K. Studies on the electrocardiogram of swine. The normal patterns and values in lead A-B and standard limb lead. Bull Coll Agric Utsunomiya Univ 1973b;8:87-96.

  45. Hamlin RL, Russell RB, Leverett SD, Burns JW. The electrocardiogram from miniature swine record with McFee-axial reference program. J Electrocardiol 1974;7:155-162.

  46. Ranucci S, Ranucci H. Effetti dell’intervento di erniotomía sull’elektrocardiograma del snino. Riv Zoot Vet 1981;9:91-95.

  47. Rubio MD, Agüera EI, Fernández P, Escribano BM, Muñoz A, Castejon, F.M. Análisis del registro electrocardiográfico realizado en cerdas madres Landrace × Blanco Belga sin el uso de tranquilizantes. Med Vet 1998;15:159-166.

  48. Rubio MD, Agüera EI, Escribano BM, Fernández P. Morfología del trazado electrocardiográfico en cerdos. Actas de la Primeira Jornada Ibérica de Razas Autóctones e Produtos Tradicionais; 2001 Noviembre 29-30; Elvas, Portugal.

  49. Goldman MJ. Principios de electrocardiografía clínica. 5ª ed. México (DF): El Manual Moderno, 1975.

  50. Estella J. Manual de electrocardiografía: vecto, fono y mecanografía. 6ª ed. Madrid, España: Gráficas Fernández, 1976.

  51. Platner SW, Kibler HH, Brody D. Electrocardiograms of mules, horses, cattle, sheep, swine and goats. Missouri Univ Agr Expt Sta Res Bull 1948;419:1-12.

  52. Neuman-Kleinpaul KU, Sander W. Elektrokardiographische Untersuchungen in Herztod-beständen. Mhefte Vet Med 1951;6:169-175.

  53. Kromberger H. Elektrokardiographische Untersuchungen als Beitrag zur Physiologie und zur Pathologischen Physiologie der Herztätigkeit des Schweines. Vet Med Habil Schrift, Leipzig, 1965.

  54. Grauwiler J. Herz und Kreislauf der Saügetiere vergleichend funktionelle Daten. Basel, Schweiz: Verlag Bikhänser. Experientia, 1965;suppl 10.

  55. Mickwitz GV. Herz und Kreislaufuntersuchungen beim Schwein mit Berücksichtigung des Elektrokardiogramms und des Phonokardiogramms (inaugural dissertation). Hannover, Deutschland: Tierarztliche Hochschule, Hannover.1967.

  56. Stüzle KP. Der Einfluss einer Körperlichen Belastung (20-Minuten-Lauf) auf das Amplitudenbild im Elektrokardiogram des Schweines. (inaugural dissertation). Hannover, Deutschland: Tierarztliche Hochschule, Hannover. 1971.

  57. Kobbe U. Der Einfluss einer Körperhichen Belastung (20-Minuten-Lauf) beim Schwein auf die Zeitwerte im Elektrokardiogramm, die Herzfrequenz sowie auf die Atemfrequenz und die Körpertemperatur (inaugural dissertation), Hannover, Deutschland: Tierärztliche Hochschule. Hannover, 1971.

  58. Larks SD, Wescott RB, Laeks GG. Electrocardiographic studies of miniature swine: normal values. Lab Anim Sci 1971;21:553-560.

  59. Beglinger R, Becker M. Kreislaufuntersuchungen beim veredelten Landschwein. Zbl Vet Med 1973;20:775-783.

  60. Mostafawi D. Herzzeitwerte und Amplitudenholen im Elektrokardiogramm des nicht fixierten Schweines bei unterschiedlicher Körperlänge sowie das Verhalten des Herzfrequenz nach Fütteranfnahme (inaugural dissertation), Hannover Deutschland: Tierarztliche Hochscule. Hannover. 1974.

  61. Scharner E, Schiefer G, Prell M, Luhn E. Elektrokardiographische Untersuchungen an Schlachtschweinen während der LKW-Transporten. Proceedings of the 25 th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers; 1979 august 27-31; Budapest-Hungary: 1979;15-21.

  62. Hertrampf B, Mickwitz G, Muller-Prasumn W, Heeschen U. Die Köpertemperatur, Atemfrequez und Pulsperiodendauer von und nach Belastung als mögliche Hinweise auf die zu erwartende Schlachtkörperqualität beim Schwein (beurteilt anhand des Fleischhelligkeitswertes = Gofo-Wert)”. Dtsch Tierärztl Wochenschr 1979;79: 249-250.

  63. Tkachuck MN, Shomankii TS. Effect of exercise on some physiological values of grownig boars. Selskokhozgaistvennaga Biol 1983; 8: 95-97.

  64. Fujiwara K, Ohi S, Sesaki K. Studies on the electrocardiogram of swine. The influence of age and body weight on the ECG. Bull Coll Agric Utsunomiya Univ 1974;9:79-86.

  65. Rubio MD, Santisteban R, Castejón FM, Tovar P. Influence of age on the ventricular activation and recuperation processes in the pig. J Vet Med A 1989c;36:457-466.

  66. Fernandez P, Castejon FM, Agüera EI, Escribano BM, Rubio MD. Differential electrocardiographic study on Iberica and Duroc breeds of pig during physical maturation. J Vet Med A 2000;47:553-563.

  67. Sesaki K, Ohi S, Smino T. Studies on the electrocardiogram of the sheep. V. Correlation analysis of some measured values in ECG. Bull Coll Agric Utsuno Miya Univ 1971;8:123-130.

  68. Tovar P, Castejón FM, Santisteban R. Análisis de la sístole eléctrica ventricular de ovinos. I. Fenómenos de despolarización. J Vet Med A 1986a ;33:365-372.

  69. Steel JD. Studies on the electrocardiogram of the racehorse. Sidney Australia: Australian Medical Publishing Co.,1963.

  70. Rubio MD, Santisteban R, Vivo R, Castejón FM. Sístole eléctrica ventricular en suidos. Despolarización. Med Vet 1989 a; 5:103-109.

  71. Horton JD, Sherber HS, Lakatta EG. Distance correction for precordial electrocardiographic voltage in estimating left ventricular mass. An echocardiographic study. Circulation 1977; 55: 509-517.

  72. Reichek N, Devereux RB. Left ventricular hypertrophy: relationship of anatomic, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic finding. 1981;C63:1391.

  73. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Klicfield P, Eisenberd RR, Miller DH, Chaudhary BS, et al. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: development and prospective validation of improved criteria. JAm Coll Cardiol 1985;6:572.

  74. Garcia-Sacristan A. Correlaciones entre concentración electrolítica y cambios electrocardiográficos. (Tesis de licenciatura). Madrid (España): Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ de Madrid, 1973.

  75. Adam TD, Yanowitx FG, Fisher AG, Ridges JD, Lovell K, Pryor TA. Non invasive evaluation of exercise training in college age men. Circulation, 1981;64:958-965.

  76. Feldman T, Borow KM, Neumann A, Lang RM, Childers RW. Relation of electrocardiographic R-wave amplitude to changes in left ventricular chamber since and position in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:1168-1174.

  77. Hamlin RL, Smith CR, Redding RW. Time-order of ventricular activation for premature beats in sheep and dogs. Am J Physiol 1960;198:315-321.

  78. Hamlin RL. Clinical relevancy of heart rate in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967;151:60-63.

  79. Recavarren S, Arias-Estella J. Growth and development of the ventricular myocardium from birth to adult life. Br Heart J 1964;26:187-192.

  80. Anversa P, Olivetti G, Loud AV. Morphometric study of early postnatal development in the left and right ventricular myocardium of the rat. I. Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and binucleation of myocytes. Circ Res 1980;46:495-502.

  81. Hamlin RL, Scher AM. Ventricular activation process and genesis of QRS complex in the goat. Am J Physiol 1961;200:223-228.

  82. Ibáñez JJ. Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el trazado electrocardiográfico del cerdo. (Tesis de licenciatura). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ de Córdoba, 1989.

  83. Callaway CW, Sherman CD, Scheatzle MD, Menegazzi SS. Scaling structure of electrocardiographic waveform during prolonged ventricular fibrillation in swine. Pace-Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23:180-191

  84. Rubio MD, Tovar P, Santisteban R, Oliveira M, Castejón FM. Differential study of electrocardiographic intervals in two neonatal crossbred swine. Am J Vet Res 1993;54:322-327.

  85. Goldman MJ. Electrocardiografía canina. 7ª ed. México (DF): El Manual Moderno, 1981.

  86. Lepeschkin E. The configuration of the T wave and the ventricular action potential in different species of mammals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;127:170-178.

  87. Schiefer G, Scharner E, Klöppner F, Mühlbach R. Untersuchungen an betäubten und nicht betäubten Schlachtschweinen. Arch Exp Vet Med 1976;31:381-387.

  88. Rosen KG, Hokegard KM, Kjellmer I. A study of the relationship between the electrocardiogram and hemodynamics in the fetal lamb during asphyxia. Acta Physiol Scand 1976;98:275-284.

  89. Hokegard KM, Rosen KG. Alterations in the electrocardiogram of the fetal lamb as a sign of fetal asphyxia. A comparison between the scalp lead and precordial lead. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1980;59:411-415.

  90. Hokegard KM, Ericksson BO, Kjellmer I, Magno R, Rosen KG. Myocardial metabolism in relation to electrocardiographic changes and cardiac function during graded hypoxia in the fetal lamb. Acta Physiol Scand 1981;113:1-7.

  91. Mazue G, Berthe J, Serre M, Dupuis B. Analyse de l’electrocardiogramme du chien Dalmate. Rec Med Vet 1976;152:243-247.

  92. Sesaki K, Ohi S, Smino T. Studies on the electrocardiogram of the sheep. VI: Influence of age and body weight on the electrocardiogram. Bull Coll Agric Utsunomiya Univ 1972;8:59-69.

  93. Tovar P, Castejón FM, Santisteban R. Análisis de la sístole eléctrica ventricular en ovinos. II. Repolarización. J Vet Med A 1986b;33:474-480.

  94. Santisteban R, Castejón FM, Tovar P. Cambios maduracionales en el ECG bovino: II. Recuperación ventricular. J Vet Med A 1987b;34:241-248.

  95. Santisteban R. Estudio electrocardiográfico en bovinos Holstein-Frisian. (Tesis de doctorado). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ de Córdoba, 1984.

  96. Escabias MI. Cambios electrocardiográficos y plasmáticos neonatales en potros de raza Española (Equs caballus). (Tesis de licenciatura). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Univ de Córdoba, 1987.

  97. Wite PD. Inversion of the T waves in lead II caused by a variation in position of the heart. Br Heart J 1941;3:233-240.

  98. Seller AF, Hemingway A, Simonson E, Peterson W. Unipolar and bipolar electrocardiographic studies in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 1958;19:620-624.

  99. Grauwiler J. Beobantugenam Electrokardiogramm on nicht domestizierten Saügetieren Schwein. Arch Tierärztl 1961;103:397-417.

  100. Rubio MD, Herrera F, Santisteban, R, Vivo R, Castejón FM. Sístole eléctrica ventricular en suidos. Repolarización. Med Vet 1989b:169-174.

  101. Pouchelon JL. Electrocardiogramme normal du chien et ses variations physiologiques. (These pour le doctoral vetérinaire) Alfort, France: Ecole Nationale Veterinaire. Univ d’Alfort. 1972.

  102. Nieman ST, Burian D, Garner D, Lewis RJ. Transthoracic monophasic and biphasic defibrillation in a swine model: a comparison of efficacy; ST segment changes, and postshock hemodynamics. Resuscitation 2000;47:51-58.

  103. Tovar P. Estudio electrocardiográfico en ovinos. (Tesis de doctorado). Córdoba, España: Facultad de Veterinaria. Univ de Córdoba, 1984.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com