medigraphic.com
Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología

2005, Number 3-4

<< Back

Microbiología 2005; 47 (3-4)

Lipopolysaccharides of Rhizobiaceae: Structure and biosynthesis

Ormeño-Orrillo E

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 165-175
PDF size: 360.77 Kb.


ABSTRACT

The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and, because of their location, are important mediators in the interaction between these bacteria and their environment and other organisms. The a-Proteobacterial family Rhizobiaceae includes the rhizobia and agrobacteria, microorganisms which establish symbiotic or parasitic relationships with plants. Mutants deficient in LPS biosynthesis show anomalous interactions with their hosts. The agronomical relevance of the relationship between rhizobia and agrobacteria with plants has promoted a large number of studies on the LPS from these bacteria. The complete structures of one or several domains of LPS from Rhizobiaceae have been determined in the last years. Additionally, several metabolic steps in the biosynthesis of these molecules have been elucidated. This review aims at the description of the more recent findings on the structure and biosynthesis of LPS in Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Agrobacterium.


REFERENCES

  1. Basu, S. S., K. .A White, N. L. Que & C. R. Raetz. 1999. A deacylase in Rhizobium leguminosarum membranes that cleaves the 3-O-linked beta-hydroxymyristoyl moiety of lipid A precursors. J. Biol. Chem. 274:11150-8.

  2. Basu, S. S., M. J. Karbarz & C. R. H. Raetz. 2002. Expression cloning and characterization of the C28 acyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum. J. Biol. Chem. 277:28959-71.

  3. Bhat, U. R., H. Mayer, A. Yokota, R. I. Hollingsworth & R. W. Carlson. 1991. Occurrence of lipid A variants with 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid in lipopolysaccharides from members of the family Rhizobiaceae. J. Bacteriol. 173:2155-9.

  4. Bhat, U. R., L. S. Forsberg & R. W. Carlson. 1994. Structure of lipid A component of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli lipopolysaccharide. Unique nonphosphorylated lipid A containing 2-amino-2-deoxygluconate, galacturonate, and glucosamine. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14402-10.

  5. Brozek, K. A., J. L. Kadrmas & C. R. Raetz. 1996a. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Novel enzymes that process precursors containing 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32112-8.

  6. Brozek K. A., Carlson R. W. & C. R. Raetz. 1996b. A special acyl carrier protein for transferring long hydroxylated fatty acids to lipid A in Rhizobium. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32126-36.

  7. Campbell, G. R., B. L. Reuhs & G. C. Walker. 2002. Chronic intracellular infection of alfalfa nodules by Sinorhizobium meliloti requires correct lipopolysaccharide core. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 99:3938-43.

  8. Campbell, G. R., L. A. Sharypova, H. Scheidle, K. M. Jones, K. Niehaus, A. Becker & G. C. Walker. 2003. Striking complexity of lipopolysaccharide defects in a collection of Sinorhizobium meliloti mutants. J. Bacteriol. 185:3853-62.

  9. De Castro, C., O. De Castro, A. Molinaro & M. Parrilli. 2002. Structural determination of the O-chain polysaccharide from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain DSM 30205. Eur. J. Biochem. 269:2885-8.

  10. De Castro, C., E. Bedini, R. Nunziata, R. Rinaldi, L. Mangoni & M. Parrilli. 2003. Elucidation of the O-chain structure from the lipopolysaccharide of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58. Carbohydr. Res. 338:1891-4.

  11. De Castro, C., A. Carannante, R. Lanzetta, R. Nunziata, V. Piscopo & M. Parrilli. 2004. Elucidation of two O-chain structures from the lipopolysaccharide fraction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens F/1. Carbohydr. Res. 339:2451-5.

  12. Duelli, D. M., A. Tobin, J. M. Box, V. S. Kolli, R. W. Carlson & K. D. Noel. 2001. Genetic locus required for antigenic maturation of Rhizobium etli CE3 lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol. 183:6054-64.

  13. Ferguson, G. P., A. Datta, R. W. Carlson & G. C. Walker. 2005. Importance of unusually modified lipid A in Sinorhizobium stress resistance and legume symbiosis. Mol. Microbiol. 56:68-80.

  14. Forsberg, L. S. & R. W. Carlson. 1998. The structures of the lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium etli strains CE358 and CE359. The complete structure of the core region of R. etli lipopolysaccharides. J. Biol. Chem. 273:2747-57.

  15. Forsberg, L. S., U. R. Bhat & R. W. Carlson. 2000. Structural characterization of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium etli strain CE3. A unique O-acetylated glycan of discrete size, containing 3-O-methyl-6-deoxy-L-talose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-L-fucose. J. Biol. Chem. 275:18851-18863.

  16. Forsberg, L. S., K. D. Noel, J. Box & R. W. Carlson. 2003. Genetic locus and structural characterization of the biochemical defect in the O-antigenic polysaccharide of the symbiotically deficient Rhizobium etli mutant, CE166. Replacement of N-acetylquinovosamine with its hexosyl-4-ulose precursor. J Biol Chem. 278:51347-59.

  17. Fraysse, N., F. Couderc & V. Poinsot. 2003. Surface polysaccharide involvement in establishing the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 270:1365-1380.

  18. Frirdich, E. & C. Whitfield. 2005. Lipopolysaccharide inner core oligosaccharide structure and outer membrane stability in human pathogens belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae. J. Endotoxin Res. 11:133-144.

  19. Gil-Serrano, A. M., I. Gonzalez-Jimenez, P. Tejero Mateo, M. Bernabe, J. Jimenez-Barbero, M. Megias & M. J. Romero-Vazquez. 1995. Structural analysis of the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. Carbohydr. Res. 275:285-94.

  20. Gudlavalleti, S. K. & L. S. Forsberg. 2003. Structural characterization of the lipid A component of Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 rough and smooth form lipopolysaccharide. Demonstration that the distal amide-linked acyloxyacyl residue containing the long chain fatty acid is conserved in Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium sp. J. Biol. Chem. 278:3957-68.

  21. Jeyaretnam, B., J. Glushka, V. S. Kumar Kolli & W. Carlson. 2002. Characterization of a novel lipid A from Rhizobium species Sin-1. A unique lipid A structure that is devoid of phosphate and has a glycosyl backbone consisting of glucosamine and 2-aminogluconic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 277:41802-41810.

  22. Kadrmas, J. L., D. Allaway, R. E. Studholme, J. T. Sullivan, C. W. Ronson, P. S. Poole & C. R. Raetz. 1998. Cloning and overexpression of glycosyltransferases that generate the lipopolysaccharide core of Rhizobium leguminosarum. J. Biol. Chem. 273:26432-40.

  23. Kanipes, M. I., A. A. Ribeiro, S. Lin, R. J. Cotter & C. R. Raetz. 2003. A mannosyl transferase required for lipopolysaccharide inner core assembly in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Purification, substrate specificity, and expression in Salmonella waaC mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 278:16356-64.

  24. Kanipes, M. I., S. R. Kalb, R. J. Cotter, D. F. Hozbor, A. Lagares & C. R. Raetz. 2003. Relaxed sugar donor selectivity of a Sinorhizobium meliloti ortholog of the Rhizobium leguminosarum mannosyl transferase LpcC. Role of the lipopolysaccharide core in symbiosis of Rhizobiaceae with plants. J. Biol. Chem. 278:16365-71.

  25. Kanjilal, S., Basu, S. S., Kanipes, M. I. & Raetz C. R. H. 2005. Origin of the galacturonic acid modifications to the inner core of Rhizobium leguminosarum lipopolysaccharides. En: Memorias del XII International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. p. 185. Mérida, Mexico.

  26. Kannenberg, E. L. & R. W. Carlson. 2001. Lipid A and O-chain modifications cause Rhizobium lipopolysaccharides to become hydrophobic during bacteroid development. Mol. Microbiol. 39:379-91.

  27. Kannenberg, E. L., B. L. Reuhs, L. S. S. Forsberg & R. W. Carlson. 1998. Lipopolysaccharides and K-antigens: their structures, biosynthesis, and functions. En: The Rhizobiaceae. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

  28. Karbarz, M. J., S. R. Kalb, R. J. Cotter, C. R. H. Raetz. 2003. Expression cloning and biochemical characterization of a Rhizobium leguminosarum lipid A 1-phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:39269-39279.

  29. Lagares, A., D. F. Hozbor, K. Niehaus, A. J. Otero, J. Lorenzen, W. Arnold & A. Puhler. 2001. Genetic characterization of a Sinorhizobium meliloti chromosomal region in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 183:1248-58.

  30. Lerouge, I., T. Laeremans, C. Verreth, J. Vanderleyden, C. Van Soom, A. Tobin & R. W. Carlson. 2001. Identification of an ATP-binding cassette transporter for export of the O-antigen across the inner membrane in Rhizobium etli based on the genetic, functional, and structural analysis of an lps mutant deficient in O-antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 276:17190-8.

  31. Lerouge, I. & J. Vanderleyden. 2002. O-antigen structural variation: mechanisms and possible roles in animal/plant-microbe interactions. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26:17-47.

  32. Lerouge, I., C. Verreth, J. Michiels, R. W. Carlson, A. Datta, M. Y. Gao & J. Vanderleyden. 2003. Three genes encoding for putative methyl- and acetyltransferases map adjacent to the wzm and wzt genes and are essential for O-antigen biosynthesis in Rhizobium etli CE3. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 16:1085-93.

  33. Lloret, L. & E. Martinez-Romero. 2005. Evolución y filogenia de rhizobia. Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol. 47: 43-60.

  34. Lucas, M. M., J. L. Peart, N. J. Brewin & E. L. Kannenberg. 1996. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies reacting with the core component of lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 3841 and mutant derivatives. J. Bacteriol. 178:2727-2733.

  35. Metts, J., J. West, S. H. Doares & A. G. Matthysse. 1991. Characterization of three Agrobacterium tumefaciens avirulent mutants with chromosomal mutations that affect induction of vir genes. J. Bacteriol. 173:1080-1087.

  36. Molinaro, A., C. De Castro, R. Lanzetta, M. Parrilli, A. Raio & A. Zoina. 2003. Structural elucidation of a novel core oligosaccharide backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from the new bacterial species Agrobacterium larrymoorei. Carbohydr. Res. 338:2721-2730.

  37. Neihardt, F.C., J.L. Ingraham & M. Schaechter. 1990. Physiology of the Bacterial Cell. A Molecular Approach, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.

  38. Price, N. P. J., T. M. Kelly, C. R. H. Raetz & R. W. Carlson. 1994. Biosynthesis of a structurally novel lipid A in Rhizobium leguminosarum: identification and characterization of six metabolic steps leading from UDP-GlcNAc to 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid2-lipid IVA. J. Bacteriol. 176:4646-4655.

  39. Price N. P., B. Jeyaretnam, R. W. Carlson, J. L. Kadrmas, C. R. Raetz, K. A. Brozek. 1995. Lipid A biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum: role of a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate-activated 4' phosphatase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92:7352-7356.

  40. Ormeño-Orrillo, E. & E. Martinez-Romero. 2004. Effect of mutations in LPS biosynthetic genes on the resistance of Rhizobium tropici to the fungicide captan. En: Memorias del 10th International Congress on Microbial Ecology. p. 90. Cancun, Mexico.

  41. Que, N. L. S., S. Lin, R. J. Cotter & C. R. H. Raetz. 2000. Purification and mass spectrometry of six lipid A species from the bacterial endosymbiont Rhizobium etli. Demonstration of a conserved distal unit and a variable proximal portion. J. Biol. Chem. 275:28006-28016.

  42. Que, N. L. S., A. A. Ribeiro & C. R. H. Raetz. 2000. Two dimensional NMR spectroscopy and structures of six lipid A species from Rhizobium etli CE3. Detection of an acyloxyacyl residue in each component and origin of the aminogluconate moiety. J. Biol. Chem. 275:28017-28027.

  43. Que-Gewirth, N. L., S. Lin, R. J. Cotter & C. R. H. Raetz. 2003. An outer membrane enzyme that generates the 2-amino-2-deoxy-gluconate moiety of Rhizobium leguminosarum lipid A. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12109-19.

  44. Que-Gewirth N. L., M. J. Karbarz, S. R. Kalb, R. J. Cotter, C. R. Raetz. 2003. Origin of the 2-amino-2-deoxy-gluconate unit in R. leguminosarum lipid A. Expression cloning of the outer membrane oxidase LpxQ. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12120-9

  45. Raetz, C. R. H. 1990. Biochemistry of endotoxins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59:129-170.

  46. Raetz, C. R. H. & C. Whitfield. 2002. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71:635-700.

  47. Reuhs, B. L., D. P. Geller, J. S. Kim, J. E. Fox, V. S. Kolli & S. G. Pueppke. 1998. Sinorhizobium fredii and Sinorhizobium meliloti produce structurally conserved lipopolysaccharides and strain-specific K antigens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4930-4938.

  48. Russa, R., M. Bruneteau, A. S. Shashkov, T. Urbanik-Sypniewska & H. Mayer. 1996. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti strain 102F51 and its nonnodulating mutant WL113. Arch. Microbiol. 165:26-33.

  49. Sharypova, L. A., K. Niehaus, H. Scheidle, O. Holst & A. Becker. 2003. Sinorhizobium meliloti acpXL mutant lacks the C28 hydroxylated fatty acid moiety of lipid A and does not express a slow migrating form of lipopolysaccharide. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12946-54.

  50. Silipo, A., C. De Castro, R. Lanzetta, A. Molinaro & M. Parrilli. 2004. Full structural characterization of the lipid A components from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 lipopolysaccharide fraction. Glycobiology. 14:805-15.

  51. Urbanik-Sypniewska, T., U. Seydel, M. Greck, J. Weckesser & H. Mayer. 1989. Chemical studies on the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti 10406 and its lipid A region. Arch. Microbiol. 152:527-532.

  52. Vedam, V., E. L. Kannenberg, J. G. Haynes, D. J. Sherrier, A. Datta & R. W. Carlson. 2003. A Rhizobium leguminosarum AcpXL mutant produces lipopolysaccharide lacking 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid. J. Bacteriol. 185:1841-50.

  53. Young, J. M., L. D. Kuykendall, E. Martinez-Romero, A. Kerr & H. Sawada. 2001. A revision of Rhizobium Frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of Agrobacterium Conn 1942 and Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998 as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, R. rhizogenes, R. rubi, R. undicola and R. vitis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:89-103.

  54. Wang, Y. & R. I. Hollingsworth. 1994. The structure of the O-antigenic chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium trifolii 4s. Carbohydr. Res. 260:305-17.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com