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2005, Number 3

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Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2005; 43 (3)

Antimicrobial Use in Acute Upper Respiratory Infections in Family Medicine

Ramírez VI

Language: Spanish
References: 76
Page: 247-255
PDF size: 115.35 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Acute upper respiratory infections are one of the main causes of office visits in family practice worldwide. If antimicrobial drugs were used judiciously, it is estimated that 50 million of these prescriptions could be avoided. The vast majority of acute rhinopharyngitis (common cold) and acute sinusitis cases are resolved without using antibiotics. Acute otitis media must be distin-guished from otitis media with effusion: the former may be successfully treated, in many cases, without prescribing antibiotics, while the latter does not improve with antimicrobial drug use unless its evolution was › 3 months. Acute pharyngitis is better treated if considered as an odynophagia syndrome, employing clinical criteria to distinguish cases that need antimicrobial drug prescription. Acute bronchitis does not improve significantly by utilizing antimicrobial drugs. Drugs from the quinolones group are not a choice for treating acute upper respiratory infections.


REFERENCES

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  2. McCaig LF, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in United States. JAMA 1995;273:214-219.

  3. Rutschman O, Domino ME. Antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections in ambulatory practice in United States. JABFP 2004;17(3):196-200.

  4. Dowell SF, Phillips WR. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team. Appropriate use of antibiotics por URIs in children: Part II. Cough, pharyngitis and common cold. Am Fam Physician 1998;58(6):1335-1352.

  5. Ressel G. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: Part I. Acute respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(2):327-328.

  6. Ressel G. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: Part IV. Acute pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(5):870-875.

  7. Hayes CS, Williamson H Jr. Management of group A beta-hemolytic estreptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;63(8):1557-1564.

  8. Ebell MH. Strep troat. Am Fam Physician 2003;68 (5):937-938. Disponible en www.aafp.org/Am Fam Physician/20030901/pocform.html.

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  12. Ray WA, Murria KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Stein M. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1089-1096.

  13. Johns MC, Tracy TS. Cytochrome P450: New nomenclature and clinical implications. Am Fam Physician 1998;57:107-115.

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  21. Barnet ED, Levatin JL, Chapman EH. Challenges of evaluating homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:273-275.

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  25. Cohet C, Cheng S, MacDonald C, Baker M, Foliaki S, Huntington N. y cols. Infections, medication use, and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and

  26. eczema in childhood. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58(10)852-857.

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  34. Pediatr Infect Dis J May 1999;18:403-409.

  35. Hueston WJ. Treatment of recurrent otitis media after a previous treatment failure. Which antibiotics work best? J Fam Pract January 1999;48:43-46.

  36. Oliphant CM, Green GM. Quinolones: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2002;65(3): 455-64.

  37. Flores-Hernández S, Trejo-Pérez JA, Reyes-Morales H, Pérez-Cuevas R, Guiscafré-Gallardo H. Guía clínica para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de

  38. infecciones respiratorias agudas. Rev Med IMSS 2002; 41 (Supl):S3-S14.

  39. Hendley JO. Otitis media. N Engl J Med 2002;347: 1171.

  40. Chambers HF. Antimicrobial agents En: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics. 10th ed.

  41. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 1143-1170.

  42. Del Mar CB, Glasziou P. Upper respiratory tract infections. Clin Evid 2002;7:1391-1399. Extracto publicado en Am Fam Phys 2002;66(11):2143-2144.

  43. McCaig LF, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in United States. JAMA 1995;273:214-219.

  44. Rutschman O, Domino ME. Antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections in ambulatory practice in United States. JABFP 2004;17(3):196-200.

  45. Dowell SF, Phillips WR. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team. Appropriate use of antibiotics por URIs in children: Part II. Cough, pharyngitis and common cold. Am Fam Physician 1998;58(6):1335-1352.

  46. Ressel G. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: Part I. Acute respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(2):327-328.

  47. Ressel G. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: Part IV. Acute pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(5):870-875.

  48. Hayes CS, Williamson H Jr. Management of group A beta-hemolytic estreptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 2001;63(8):1557-1564.

  49. Ebell MH. Strep troat. Am Fam Physician 2003;68 (5):937-938. Disponible en www.aafp.org/Am Fam Physician/20030901/pocform.html.

  50. Bass JW. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis revisited. JAMA 1986;256:740-743.

  51. Petri WA. Antimicrobial agents. Penicillins, cephalosporins and other B-lactam antibiotics En: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Tenth edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 1189-1218.

  52. Mohler AM. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician: 2002;65(7):1280 (Letter).

  53. Ray WA, Murria KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Stein M. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1089-1096.

  54. Johns MC, Tracy TS. Cytochrome P450: New nomenclature and clinical implications. Am Fam Physician 1998;57:107-115.

  55. Chambers HF. Antimicrobial agents. Protein synthesis inhibitors and miscellaneous antibacterial agents. En: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 1239-1271.

  56. Pichichero ME, Margolis PA. A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillins in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis supporting the concept of microbial copathogenicity. Pediatr Infec Dis J 1991;10:275-281.

  57. Dowell SF, Phillips WR. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team. Appropriate use of antibiotics por URIs in children: Part I. Otitis media and acute sinusitis. Am Fam Physician 1998;58(5):1113-1118.

  58. Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. American Academy of Pediatrics, AAFP. Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Clinical Practice Guide. Pediatrics 2004;113(5):1451-1465.

  59. Barnet ED, Levatin JL, Chapman EH. Challenges of evaluating homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:273-275.

  60. Eaton CB. Should we prescribe antibiotics for acute otitis media? Am Fam Phys 2001;64(3):469-470.

  61. Walling AD. Predictors of poor outcome and benefits from antibiotics in children with acute otitis media: pragmatic randomized trial. BMJ 2002;325:22-25.

  62. Blasco PG. A Medicina de Família: um Caminho para Humanizar a Medicina Revista Notandum- 9, pp 51-60. En: http://www.hottopos.com/notand9/pablo.htm

  63. Damoiseaux RA. . Primary care based randomized, double blind trial of amoxicillin versus placebo for acute otitis media in children aged under 2 years. BMJ February 5, 2000;320:350-354.

  64. Cohet C, Cheng S, MacDonald C, Baker M, Foliaki S, Huntington N. y cols. Infections, medication use, and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in childhood. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58(10)852-857.

  65. Semchenko A, Baroody F, Culpepper. Management of acute sinusitis and acute otitis media. Monografía No.1 de Am Fam Physician 2001.

  66. Gwaltney JM Jr, Phillips CD, Miller RD, Riker DK. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med 1994;330:25-30.

  67. Colgan R, Powers JH. Appropriate antimicrobial prescribing: approaches that limit antibiotic resistence. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(6):999-1004.

  68. Ressel G. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: Part II. Nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician 2001;64(3):510.

  69. Matthys H. Efficacy and safety of an extract o Pelargonium sidoides (Eps 7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Phytomedicine 2003;10(Suppl 4):7-17.

  70. Holten KB, Onusko EM. Appropriate prescribing of oral beta-lactam antibiotics. Am Fam Phys 2000;62(3): 611-620.

  71. Cohen R. One dose ceftriaxone vs. ten days of amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy for acute otitis media: clinical efficacy and change in nasopharyngeal flora. Pediatr Infect Dis J May 1999;18:403-409.

  72. Hueston WJ. Treatment of recurrent otitis media after a previous treatment failure. Which antibiotics work best? J Fam Pract January 1999;48:43-46.

  73. Oliphant CM, Green GM. Quinolones: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2002;65(3): 455-64.

  74. Flores-Hernández S, Trejo-Pérez JA, Reyes-Morales H, Pérez-Cuevas R, Guiscafré-Gallardo H. Guía clínica para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de infecciones respiratorias agudas. Rev Med IMSS 2002; 41 (Supl):S3-S14.

  75. Hendley JO. Otitis media. N Engl J Med 2002;347: 1171.

  76. Chambers HF. Antimicrobial agents En: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 1143-1170.




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