medigraphic.com
Órgano Oficial del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Escuela y Facultad de Medicina-Xalapa

2012, Number S1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Med UV 2012; 12 (S1)

Growth Hormone in the Central Nervous System

Regalado SC, López MML, Juárez AE

Language: Spanish
References: 66
Page: 29-35
PDF size: 461.26 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Growth hormone (GH) is a multifunctional molecule that stimulates body growth as well as influences the metabolism of lipids and proteins and the proliferation, differentiation and survival of different cell types. Even the mechanism by which GH exerts its actions is variable. This hormone can exert it directly through the activation of a specific receptor or by stimulating secondary effectors like the insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I). Traditionally, the pituitary gland has been considered as the main source of production of GH. However, it is now known that this hormone is produced locally in various tissues in which exert an autocrine action. Moreover, this hormone has been detected at the earliest stage of development even before the formation and activation of the pituitary gland suggesting a central role of the GH in the beginning of life. Recent studies have suggested a role of GH in the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental data support a role of GH in the CNS ranging from regulation of neural stem cell biology to its participation in the maintenance of cognitive processes such as learning and memory. The present review compiles evidence that support a “cerebral” function of GH.


REFERENCES

  1. Vijayakumar A, Novosyadlyy R, Wu YJ, Yakar S, Derek L. Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:1-7.

  2. Harvey S. Extrapituitary growth hormone. Endocrine 2010; 38:335- 359.

  3. Harvey S and Hull K. Neural growth hormone. An update. J Mol Neurosci 2003; 20:1-13.

  4. Lichanska AM, Waters MJ. New Insights into growth hormone receptor function and clinical implications. Horm Res 2008; 69:138– 145.

  5. Chapman GE, Rogers KM, Brittain T, Bradshaw RA, Bates OJ, Turner C. The 20,000 molecular weight HC variant of human growth hormone. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 2395-2401.

  6. Peterson FC, Brooks CL. Different elements of mini-helix-I are required for human growth hormone or prolactin action via the prolactin receptor. Protein Eng Des Sel 2004; 17: 417-424.

  7. Juárez-Aguilar E, Muñozledo-Castro F, Rodríguez-Guerra NE, Reséndez-Pérez D, y col. Functional domains of human growth hormone necessary for the adipogenic activity of hHC/hPL chimeric molecules. J Cell Sci 1999; 112: 3127-3135.

  8. Juárez-Aguilar, Castro-Muñozledo F. 22-kDa and 20-kDa hHC isoforms show differential effects when assayed in 3T3-F442A and 3T3-F442A/ CA adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217: 28-33.

  9. Arámburo C, Luna M, Carranza M, Reyes M, Martínez-Coria H. Growth hormone size variants: changes in the pituitary during development of the chicken. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000; 233: 67-74.

  10. Harvey S, Lavelin I, Pines M. Growth hormone (GH) action in the brain. J Mol Neurosci 2002; 18: 89-95

  11. De Vos AM, Ultsch M, Mulkerrin MG. Wells JA. Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor by a single hormone molecule. Science 1991; 254: 821-857.

  12. Brown RJ, Adams JJ, Pelekanos RA, Wan Y, McKinstry WJ, Palethorpe K. Model for growth hormone receptor activation based on subunit rotation within a receptor dimer. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005; 12: 814- 821.

  13. Eijndez M, Lahaye LL, Strous GJ. Disulfide bonds determine growth hormone receptor folding, dimerization and ligand binding. J Cell Sci 2006; 119: 3078-3086.

  14. Baumann G. Growth hormone binding protein 2001. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14:355-375.

  15. Wells JA. Biding in the growth hormone receptor complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 938: 1-6.

  16. Cunninham BC, Ultsch M, De Vos AM, Mulkerrin MG, Clauser KR, Wells JA. Dimerization of the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor by a single hormone molecule. Science 1991; 254: 821-825.

  17. Fuh G, CunninHCam BC, Fukunaga R, Nagata S, Goeddel DV, Wells JA. Rational design of potent antagonists to the human growth hormone receptor. Science 1992; 256: 1677-1680.

  18. Yang N, Xiangdong W, Jing J, Stuart JF. Role of growth hormone (HC) receptor transmembrane domain in receptor predimerization and HC-induced activation. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1642-1655.

  19. Yang N, Langenheim JF, Wang X, Jiang J, Chen WY,Frank SJ. Activation of growth hormone receptors by growth hormone and growth hormone antagonist dimmers. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:978-988.

  20. Frank SJ. Receptor dimerization in HC and erythropoietin action –it takes two to tango, but how? Endocrinology 2002; 143: 2-10.

  21. Waters MJ, Hoang HN, Fairlie DP, Pelekanos RA, Brown RJ. New insights into growth hormone action. J Mol Endocrinol 2006; 36: 1-7.

  22. Goujon L, Allevato G, Simonin G, Paquereau L, Le Cam A, Clark J, y col. Cytoplasmic sequences of the growth hormone receptor necessary for signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 91:957-961.

  23. Pantaleon M, Whiteside EJ, Harvey MB, Barnard RT, Waters MJ, Kaye PL. Functional growth hormone (GH) receptors and GH are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos: A role for GH in early embryogenesis? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:5125–5130.

  24. Zhai Q, Lai Z, Roos P, Nyberg F. Characterization of growth hormone binding sites in rat brain. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994; 406:92-95.

  25. Lai Z, Roos P, Zhai O, Olsson Y, Fhölenhag K, Larsson C, Nyberg F. Agerelated reduction of human growth hormone-binding sites in the human brain. Brain Res. 1993; 621:260-266.

  26. Minami S, Kamegai J, Hasegawa O, Sugihara H, Okada K, Wakabayashi I. Expression of growth hormone receptor gene in rat hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 1993; 5:691-696.

  27. Donahue CP, Kosik KS, Shors TJ. Growth hormone is produced within the hippocampus where it responds to age, sex, and stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 6031–6036.

  28. Palacios N, Sánchez-Franco F, Sánchez L, Sánchez-Grandes M, Cacicedo L. Acciones neurotróficas de la hormona de crecimiento durante el desarrollo y envejecimiento cerebral. Mapfre Medicina 2005; 16:195-208.

  29. Nyberg F. Growth hormone in the brain: characteristics on specific brain targets for the hormone and their functional significance. Front Neuroendocrinol 2000; 21: 330-348.

  30. Ransome MI, Turnley AM. Analysis of neuronal subpopulations in mice over-expressing suppressor of cytokine signaling-2. Neuroscience 2005; 132: 673-687.

  31. Pelton EW, Grindeland RE, Young E, Bass NH. Effects of immunologically induced growth hormone deficiency on myelinogenesis in developing rat cerebrum. Neurology 1977; 27:282-288.

  32. Noguchi T. Effects of growth hormone on cerebral development: morphological studies. Horm Res 1996; 45:5-17.

  33. Noguchi T, Sugiasaki T, Tsukada Y. Microcephalic cerebrum with hypomyelination in the growth hormone-deficient mouse (lit). Neurochem Res 1985; 10:1097-1106.

  34. Noguchi T, Sugisaki T, Tsukada Y. Stimulation of Snell dwarf mouse neuronal growth by GH and T4. Neurochem Pathol 1984; 2:123- 138.

  35. Ajo R, Cacicedo L, Navarro C, Sánchez-Franco F. Growth hormone action on proliferation and differentiation of cerebral cortical cells from fetal rat. Endocrinology 2003, 144; 1086–1097.

  36. McLenachan S, Lum MG, Waters MJ, Turnley AM. Growth hormone promotes proliferation of adult neurosphere culture. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:212-218.

  37. Lyuh E, Kim HJ, Kim M, Lee JK, Park KS, Yoo KY, Lee KW, Ahn YO. Dosespecific or dose-dependent effect of growth hormone treatment on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured neuronal cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007, 17:315–322.

  38. Scott HJ, Stebbinga MJ, Waltersa CE, McLenachana S, Ransomea MI, Nicholsa NR, Turnley AM. Differential effects of SOCS2 on neuronal differentiation and morphology. Brain Res 2006; 1067: 138-145.

  39. Baudet ML, Rattray D, Martin BT, Harvey S. Growth hormone promotes axon growth in the developing nervous system. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 2758–2766.

  40. Aberg ND, Johansson I, Aberg MAI, Lind J, Johansson UE, Cooper- Kuhn CM, Kuhn HG, Isgaard J. Peripheral administration of GH induces cell proliferation in the brain of adult hypophysectomized rats. J Endocrinol 2009; 201:141–150.

  41. Velasco B, Cacicedo L, Escalada J, López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Franco F. Growth hormone gene expression and secretion in aging rats is age dependent and not age-associated weight increase related. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 314–320.

  42. Forshee BA. The aging brain: is function dependent on growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. Age 2006; 28:173– 180.

  43. Burger C. Region-specific genetic alterations in the aging hippocampus: implications for cognitive aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:1-12.

  44. Van Nieuwpoort IC, Drent ML. Cognition in the adult with childhoodonset GH deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159: S53–S57.

  45. Le Greves M, Le Greves P, Nyberg F. Age-related effects of IGF-1 on the NMDA-, GH- and IGF-1-receptor mRNA transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65:369–374.

  46. Li E, Kim DH, Cai M, Lee S, Kim Y, Lim E, Ryu JH, Unterman TG, Park S. Hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory are impaired in growth hormone-deficient spontaneous dwarf rats. Endocrine J 2011; 58: 257-267.

  47. Leon-Carrion J, Martin-Rodriguez JF, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Soto-Moreno A, Venegas-Moreno E, Torres-Vela E, Benito-López P, Angeles- Galvez M, Tinahones FJ, Leal-Cerro A. Evidence of cognitive and neurophysiological impairment in patients with untreated naive acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010, 95:4367–4379.

  48. Sathiavageeswaran M, Burman P, Lawrence D, Harris AG, Falleti MG, Maruff P, Wass J. Effects of GH on cognitive function in elderly patients with adult-onset GH deficiency: a placebo-controlled 12- month study. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 156:439–447.

  49. Le Grevès M, Zhou Q,· Berg M, Le Grevès P, Fhölenhag K, Meyerson B, Nyberg F. Growth hormone replacement in hypophysectomized rats affects spatial performance and hippocampal levels of NMDA receptor subunit and PSD-95 gene transcript levels. Exp Brain Res 2006; 173: 267–273.

  50. Park SW, Shin S, Kim CH, Ko A, Kwak MJ, Nam MH, Park SY, Kim SJ, Sohn YB, Galinsky RE, Kim H, Yeo Y, Jin DK. Differential effects of insufflated, subcutaneous, and intravenous growth hormone on bone growth, cognitive function, and NMDA receptor subunit expression. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4418–4427.

  51. Le Greves M, Steensland P, Le Greves P, Nyberg F. Growth hormone induces age-dependent alteration in the expression of hippocampal growth hormone receptor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits gene transcripts in male rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:7119–7123.

  52. Esteban S, Garau C, Aparicio S, Moranta D, Barcelo P, Ramis M, Tresguerres JAF, Rial R. Improving effects of long-term growth hormone treatment on monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavioral tests in aged rats. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:707- 715.

  53. Ghada S. Mahmoud and Lawrence M. Grover. Growth hormone enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:2962–2974.

  54. Madrid O, Varea S, Sánchez-Pérez I, Gómez-García L, De Miguel E, Gómez de Segura IA, Perona R. Growth hormone protects against radiotherapy-induced cell death. Eur J Endocrinology 2002; 147: 535–541.

  55. Isla A, Budke M, Cacicedo L, García-Grande A, Vázquez-Rodríguez I, de Miguel E, Pérez-Álvarez M. Protective effects of growth hormone en cell cultures of the central nervous system. Rev Neurol 2002; 34: 208-211.

  56. Sanders EJ, Parker E, Harvey S. Endogenous growth hormone in human retinal ganglion cells correlates with cell survival. Mol Vision 2009; 15:920-926.

  57. Harvey S, Baudet ML, Sanders EJ. Growth hormone-induced neuroprotection in the neural retina during chick embryogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1163:414–416.

  58. Regalado Santiago C, Lopez Meraz ML, Juarez Aguilar E. Growth hormone regulates survival of primary cultures of embryonic neural precursor. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22: 2068.

  59. Jeay S, Sonenshein GE, Postel-Vinay MC, Baixeras E. Growth hormone prevents apoptosis through activation of nuclear factor-kB in interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 cell line. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14: 650–661.

  60. Jeay S, Sonenshein GE, Kelly PA. Postel-Vinay MC, Baixeras E. Growth hormone exerts antiapoptotic and proliferative effects through two different pathways involving nuclear factor-kB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Endocrinology 2001; 142:147–156.

  61. Frago LM, Pañeda C, Dickson SL, Hewson AK, Argente J, Chowen JA. Growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase brain insulin-like growth factor-I expression and activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection. Endocrinology 2002; 143:4113–4122.

  62. Lichtenwalner RJ, Forbes ME, Sonntag WE, Riddle DR. Adult-onset deficiency in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I decreases survival of dentate granule neurons: Insights into the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:199–210.

  63. Han TR, Chun MH, Jang DH, Kim KS, Lim KH, Cho HJ. Neuroprotective effects of growth hormone against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats: 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 122-126.

  64. Christophidis LJ, Gorba T, Gustavsson M, Williams CE, Werther GA, Russo VC, Scheepens A. Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: A potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:497–506.

  65. Lichtenwalner RJ, Parent JM. Adult neurogenesis and the ischemic forebrain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26: 1–20

  66. García-García F, De la Herrán-Aritab AK, Juárez-Aguilar E, Regalado- Santiago C, Millán-Aldaco D, Blanco-Centurión C, Drucker-Colín R. Growth hormone improves hippocampal adult cell survival and counteracts the inhibitory effect of prolonged sleep deprivation on cell proliferation. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:252–257.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com