Ochoa-Hernández AB, Jave-Suárez LF

Language: Spanish
References: 37
Page: 211-215
PDF size: 563.82 Kb.

ABSTRACT

The WNT signaling path (Wingless Wg in Drosophila melanogaster) plays a fundamental role in the cell differentiation and the organ and tissue morphogenesys. It has been accumulated evidence of the intervention of this signaling path regarding the cell development on the immune system, especially the T and B-lymphocytes. Several studies have started to portray the mechanisms that execute the regulation of the swelling and the control of the cell proliferation and apoptosis, therefore these signaling path variations will cause functional anomalies, alterations in the cell organization and pathologies development. In this review it will be briefly describe the relevant elements of the WNT signaling path and its participation in the immune system development and the inflammatory response.

REFERENCES

1. Chen X, Yang J, Evans PM, Liu C: Wnt signaling: the good and the bad. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008, 40:577-594.

2. Miller JR. The Wnts. Genome Biol 2002, 3:REVIEWS3001.

3. Mlodzik M. Planar cell polarization: do the same mechanisms regulate Drosophila tissue polarity and vertebrate gastrulation? Trends Genet 2002, 18:564-571.

4. Gattinoni L, Ji Y, Restifo NP. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in T-cell immunity and cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:4695-4701.

5. Van Amerongen R, Mikels A, Nusse R. Alternative wnt signaling is initiated by distinct receptors. Sci Signal 2008, 1:re9.

6. Gordon MD, Nusse R. Wnt signaling: multiple pathways, multiple receptors, and multiple transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:22429-22433.

7. Adamson MC, Dennis C, Delaney S, Christiansen J, Monkley S, Kozak CA, Wainwright B. Isolation and genetic mapping of two novel members of the murine Wnt gene family, Wnt11 and Wnt12, and the mapping of Wnt5a and Wnt7a. Genomics 1994, 24:9-13.

8. Dosen G, Tenstad E, Nygren MK, Stubberud H, Funderud S, Rian E. Wnt expression and canonical Wnt signaling in human bone marrow B lymphopoiesis. BMC Immunol 2006, 7:13.

9. Reya T, Duncan AW, Ailles L, Domen J, Scherer DC, Willert K, Hintz L, Nusse R, Weissman IL. A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2003, 423:409-414.

10. Fuerer C, Nusse R, Ten Berge D: Wnt signalling in development and disease. Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine meeting on Wnt signaling in Development and Disease. EMBO Rep 2008, 9:134-138.

11. Viola JP, Carvalho LD, Fonseca BP, Teixeira LK. NFAT transcription factors: from cell cycle to tumor development. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005, 38:335-344.

12. Loannidis V, Beermann F, Clevers H, Held W. The beta-catenin--TCF-1 pathway ensures CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocyte survival. Nat Immunol 2001, 2:691-697.

13. Staal FJ, Meeldijk J, Moerer P, Jay P, van de Weerdt BC, Vainio S, Nolan GP, Clevers H. Wnt signaling is required for thymocyte development and activates Tcf-1 mediated transcription. Eur J Immunol 2001, 31:285-293.

14. Yu Q, Sharma A, Sen JM. TCF1 and beta-catenin regulate T cell development and function. Immunol Res 2010, 47:45-55.

15. Staal FJ, Clevers HC. Wnt signaling in the thymus. Curr Opin Immunol 2003, 15:204-208.

16. Schilham MW, Wilson A, Moerer P, Benaissa-Trouw BJ, Cumano A, Clevers HC. Critical involvement of Tcf-1 in expansion of thymocytes. J Immunol 1998, 161:3984-3991.

17. Verbeek S, Izon D, Hofhuis F, Robanus-Maandag E, te Riele H, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Wilson A, MacDonald HR, Clevers H. An HMG-box-containing T-cell factor required for thymocyte differentiation. Nature 1995, 374:70-74.

18. Okamura RM, Sigvardsson M, Galceran J, Verbeek S, Clevers H, Grosschedl R. Redundant regulation of T cell differentiation and TCRalpha gene expression by the transcription factors LEF-1 and TCF-1. Immunity 1998, 8:11-20.

19. Pongracz JE, Parnell SM, Jones T, Anderson G, Jenkinson EJ. Overexpression of ICAT highlights a role for catenin-mediated canonical Wnt signalling in early T cell development. Eur J Immunol 2006, 36:2376-2383.

20. Castrop J, van Wichen D, Koomans-Bitter M, van de Wetering M, de Weger R, van Dongen J, Clevers H. The human TCF-1 gene encodes a nuclear DNA-binding protein uniquely expressed in normal and neoplastic T-lineage lymphocytes. Blood 1995, 86:3050-3059.

21. Travis A, Amsterdam A, Belanger C, Grosschedl R. LEF-1, a gene encoding a lymphoid-specific protein with an HMG domain, regulates T-cell receptor alpha enhancer function [corrected]. Genes Dev 1991, 5:880-894.

22. Reya T, O'Riordan M, Okamura R, Devaney E, Willert K, Nusse R, Grosschedl R. Wnt signaling regulates B lymphocyte proliferation through a LEF-1 dependent mechanism. Immunity 2000, 13:15-24.

23. Baba Y, Garrett KP, Kincade PW: Constitutively active beta-catenin confers multilineage differentiation potential on lymphoid and myeloid progenitors. Immunity 2005, 23:599-609.

24. Staal FJ, Burgering BM, van de Wetering M, Clevers HC. Tcf-1-mediated transcription in T lymphocytes: differential role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in fibroblasts and T cells. Int Immunol 1999, 11:317-323.

25. McWhirter JR, Neuteboom ST, Wancewicz EV, Monia BP, Downing JR, Murre C.: Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:11464-11469.

26. Sen M, Lauterbach K, El-Gabalawy H, Firestein GS, Corr M, Carson DA. Expression and function of wingless and frizzled homologs in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:2791-2796.

27. Sen M, Reifert J, Lauterbach K, Wolf V, Rubin JS, Corr M, Carson DA. Regulation of fibronectin and metalloproteinase expression by Wnt signaling in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:2867-2877.

28. Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Vecchi A, Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol 2004, 25:677-686.

29. Sica A, Schioppa T, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages are a distinct M2 polarised population promoting tumour progression: potential targets of anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2006, 42:717-727.

30. Pollard JW. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2004, 4:71-78.

31. Kaler P, Galea V, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. Tumor associated macrophages protect colon cancer cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis through IL-1betadependent stabilization of Snail in tumor cells. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11700.

32. Oguma K, Oshima H, Aoki M, Uchio R, Naka K, Nakamura S, Hirao A, Saya H, Taketo MM, Oshima M. Activated macrophages promote Wnt signalling through tumour necrosis factor-alpha in gastric tumour cells. EMBO J 2008, 27:1671-1681.

33. Oguma K, Oshima H, Oshima M. Inflammation, tumor necrosis factor and Wnt promotion in gastric cancer development. Future Oncol 2010, 6:515-526.

34. Blumenthal A, Ehlers S, Lauber J, Buer J, Lange C, Goldmann T, Heine H, Brandt E, Reiling N. The Wingless homolog WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 regulate inflammatory responses of human mononuclear cells induced by microbial stimulation. Blood 2006, 108:965-973.

35. Pereira CP, Bachli EB, Schoedon G: The wnt pathway: a macrophage effector molecule that triggers inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009, 11:236-242.

36. Neumann J, Schaale K, Farhat K, Endermann T, Ulmer AJ, Ehlers S, Reiling N. Frizzled1 is a marker of inflammatory macrophages, and its ligand Wnt3a is involved in reprogramming Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. FASEB J 2010, 24:4599-4612.

37. Zhang P, Katz J, Michalek SM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3 β) inhibition suppresses the inflammatory response to Francisella infection and protects against tularemia in mice. Mol Immunol 2009, 46:677-687.