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2012, Number 6

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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (6)

Regulación de la neurogénesis hipocámpica por los estrógenos: su relación con la depresión

Vega-Rivera NM, Fernández-Guasti JA, Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Castro-García M, Estrada-Camarena E

Language: Spanish
References: 184
Page: 527-533
PDF size: 131.43 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Estrogens produce a wide range of biological effects throughout the body, including the Central Nervous System (CNS). In the brain, besides acting as neuroprotective agents, estrogens play an important role in many neuronal processes and certain psychiatric disorders such as depression.
The precise mechanism by which estrogens induce their positive effects on depressive disorders has not been elucidated; however, it is known that estrogens act on the CNS through the activation of specific receptors. These actions occur in genomic and non-genomics mechanisms through the modulation of synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurosteroids and influencing the morphological features of neurons and synaptic function. In addition, it is known that estrogens can act as modulators of processes related to neuroplasticity and neurogenesis.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a neuroplastic process that is affected by antidepressant drugs. These drugs increase the number of new neurons following a temporal course that correlates within the time in which antidepressants cause a behavioral improvement in rodents and in humans. Interestingly, whereas the behavioral antidepressant effects require 2-4 weeks to appear, after treatment initiation, estrogen reduce the depressive-like behavior and induce cell proliferation in terms of days. Thus, antidepressant drugs and the estrogens replacement during the adulthood could influence in a similar manner the new neuron formation.
Furthermore, recent works have indicated that the combination of antidepressants plus estrogens could exert beneficial actions at lower doses of estrogens (physiological range). This evidence is important due to the combination of non-effective doses of antidepressants plus estrogens could decrease the side-effects of both compounds, and facilitate the behavioral action of antidepressant drugs shortening the latency to onset their action.
The present review discusses recent information about the implication of estrogens in depression, and on their effects as positive regulators of new neuron formation in the adult hippocampus. In addition, we will review the possible implication of last effect of estrogens on their antidepressant effects.


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  119. Alonso-Solis R, Abreu P, Lopez-Coviella I, Hernandez G et al. Gonadal steroid modulation of neuroendocrine transduction: a transynaptic view. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1996;16:357-382.

  120. Nilssen O. [Dynamic mutations in hereditary neurodegenerative disorders]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1999;119:3021-3027.

  121. Brake WG, Alves SE, Dunlop JC, Lee SJ et al. Novel target sites for estrogen action in the dorsal hippocampus: an examination of synaptic proteins. Endocrinology 2001;142:1284-1289.

  122. McEwen B, Akama K, Alves S, Brake WG et al. Tracking the estrogen receptor in neurons: implications for estrogen-induced synapse formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:7093-7100.

  123. Lee SJ, Campomanes CR, Sikat PT, Greenfield AT et al. Estrogen induces phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding (pCREB) in primary hippocampal cells in a time-dependent manner. Neuroscience 2004;124:549-560.

  124. Osterlund M, Kuiper GG, Gustafsson JA, Hurd YL. Differential distribution and regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA within the female rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998;54:175-180.

  125. Kuiper GG, Shughrue PJ, Merchenthaler I, Gustafsson JA. The estrogen receptor beta subtype: a novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems. Front Neuroendocrinol 1998;19:253-286.

  126. Osterlund MK, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptors in the human forebra in and the relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2001;64:251-267.

  127. Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:507-525.

  128. Mehra RD, Sharma K, Nyakas C, Vij U. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta immunoreactive neurons in normal adult and aged female rat hippocampus: a qualitative and quantitative study. Brain Res 2005;1056:22-35.

  129. Weiland NG, Orikasa C, Hayashi S, McEwen BS. Distribution and hormone regulation of estrogen receptor immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus of male and female rats. J Comp Neurol 1997;388:603-612.

  130. Milner TA, Ayoola K, Drake CT, Herrick SP et al. Ultrastructural localization of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal formation. J Comp Neurol 2005;491:81-95.

  131. Herrick SP, Waters EM, Drake CT, McEwen BS et al. Extranuclear estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity is on doublecortin-containing cells in the adult and neonatal rat dentate gyrus. Brain Res 2006;1121:46-58.

  132. Osterlund MK, Grandien K, Keller E, Hurd YL. The human brain has distinct regional expression patterns of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA isoforms derived from alternative promoters. J Neurochem 2000;75:1390-1397.

  133. Cameron HA, Tanapat P, Gould E. Adrenal steroids and N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor activation regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats through a common pathway. Neuroscience 1998;82:349-354.

  134. Kempermann G, Jessberger S, Steiner B, Kronenberg G. Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 2004;27:447-452.

  135. Tanapat P, Hastings NB, Reeves AJ, Gould E. Estrogen stimulates a transient increase in the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult female rat. J Neurosci 1999;19:5792-5801.

  136. Ormerod BK, Galea LA. Reproductive status influences the survival of new cells in the dentate gyrus of adult male meadow voles. Neurosci Lett 2003;346:25-28.

  137. Barker JM, Galea LA. Repeated estradiol administration alters different aspects of neurogenesis and cell death in the hippocampus of female, but not male, rats. Neuroscience 2008;152:888-902.

  138. Altman J, Das GD. Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. J Comp Neurol 1965;124:319-335.

  139. Zhao Z, Sun P, Chauhan N, Kaur J et al. Neuroprotection and neurogenesis: modulation of cornus ammonis 1 neuronal survival after transient forebrain ischemia by prior fimbria-fornix deafferentation. Neuroscience 2006;140:219-226.

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