medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-6014 (Print)
Órgano oficial de difusión de la Federación Mexicana de Patología Clínica, AC y de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Patología Clínica/Medicina de Laboratorio

2004, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab 2004; 51 (1)

West Nile virus encephalitis: Epidemiology, ecology, diagnosis and prevention

Carrada BT

Language: Spanish
References: 51
Page: 6-15
PDF size: 446.53 Kb.


ABSTRACT

West Nile encephalitis is caused by West Nile virus, an arthropod-borne virus which is spreading in Northamerica. In the summer 1999, crows deaths from New York, sick birds at the Bronx zoo, and an unusual cluster of human encephalitis cases heralded the arrival of this new Flavivirus in the United States. Although there were only 62 cases and seven deaths in 1999, the virus has since moved across the continent, and during 2002 there were 4156 cases and 284 deaths. Recent outbreaks were also recorded at Israel, Romania, Russia and Canada. Elderly people and those on immunosuppressive drugs are at special risk of neuroinfection, in which the meninges, the brain parenchyma or the spinal cord were damaged. During 2002, patients with polio-like flaccid paralysis were also recognized. Attempts at virus isolation from serum or cerebrospinal fluid were usually unsuccessful because viraemias were low and the virus has cleared by the time most patients presented. Immunoglubulin M antibody testing of serum specimens and cerebrospinal fluid was the most practical and efficient method of diagnosis. Prevention rest on elimination of mosquito breeding sites; judicious use of pesticides; and avoidance of mosquito bites, including mosquito repellent use. A review of the ecology-epidemiology and clinical features of West Nile virus is presented in this paper.


REFERENCES

  1. Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 2000; 344: 1807-1814.

  2. Tyler KL. West Nile Virus Encephalitis in America. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1858-1859.

  3. Roehring JT, Layton M, Smith P, Campbell GL, Nasci R, Lanciotti R. The emergence of West Nile in North America: ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 267: 223-240.

  4. Petersen LR, Marfin AA. West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 173-179.

  5. Mackenzie JS, Barret AD, Deubel V eds. Current topics in microbiology and immunology: Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infections. Berlin: Springer-Verlang, 2002.

  6. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 519-529.

  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic —United States, January-November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: 1129-1133.

  8. Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S. Experimental infection on North American birds whith the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 311-322.

  9. Solomon T, Ooi MH, Beasley DW, Mallewa M. West Nile encephalitis. BMJ 2003; 326: 865-869.

  10. Campbell G, Marfin A, Lanciotti R, Gubler D. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 519-529.

  11. Hirsch MS, Werner B. Case 17-2003: A 38-Year-Old Woman with Fever, Headache and Confusion. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2238-2247.

  12. Monath TP. Epidemiology. In: Monath TP ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1980: 239-312.

  13. Drebot MA, Lindsay R, Barker IK. West Nile virus surveillance and diagnostics: a Canadian perspective. Can J Infect Dis 2003; 14: 105-114.

  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: 1135-1136.

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding-Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Reo 2002; 51: 877-878.

  16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections-United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: 1133-1135.

  17. Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2196-2203.

  18. Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through Blood Transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1236-1245.

  19. Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 1998; 352: 767-771.

  20. Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet 2001; 358: 261-264.

  21. Marberg K, Goldblum N, Sterk VV, Jasinka-Klinberg W, Klinberg MA. The natural history of West Nile fever, I: clinical observations during an epidemic in Israel. Am J Hygiene 1956; 64: 259-269.

  22. Hubálek Z. Comparative symptomatology of West Nile fever. Lancet 2001; 358: 254-255.

  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection-New York and Connecticut Counties, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50: 31-39.

  24. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. West Nile fever in Czechland. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5: 594-595.

  25. Ceasu E, Erscoiu S, Calistru P. Clinical manifestations in the West Nile virus outbreak. Rom J Virol 1997; 48: 3-11.

  26. Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003; 290: 511-515.

  27. Asnis DS, Conetta R, Teixeira AA, Waldman G, Sampson BA. The West Nile virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: the Flushing Hospital experience. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 413-418.

  28. Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg K. Guillain-Barré syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection. Neurology 2000; 55: 144-146.

  29. Leis AA, Stokic DS, Polk JL, Dostrow V, Winkelman M. A poliomielitis-like syndrome associated from West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1279-1280.

  30. Glass JD, Samuels O, Rich MM. Poliomyelitis due to West Nile virus. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1280-1281.

  31. Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Van Gerpen JA. Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 788-793.

  32. Ohry A, Karpin H, Yoeli D, Lazari A, Lerman Y. West Nile virus infection. Spinal Cord 2001; 39: 662-663.

  33. Kelley TW, Prayson RA, Isada CM. Spinal cord disease in West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 564-565.

  34. Gilad R, Lampl Y, Sadeh M, Paul M, Dan M. Optic neuritis complicating West Nile virus meningitis in a young adult. Infection 2003; 31: 55-56.

  35. Vandenbelt S, Shaikh S, Capone A, Williams GA. Multifocal coroiditis associated with West Nile virus encephalitis. Retina 2003; 23: 97-99.

  36. Bains HS, Jampol LM, Caughron MC, Parnell JR. Vitritis and chorioretinitis in a patient whith West Nile virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 205-207.

  37. Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical, field collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by Taq. Man reverse transcriptasa-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4066-4071.

  38. New York City Department of Health: West Nile Virus Surveillance and Control: An Update for Healthcare Providers in New York City. New York, NY: City Health Information; 2001.

  39. Deubel V, Fiette L, Gounon P. Variations in biological features of West Nile viruses. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 951: 195-206.

  40. Beasley DW, Li L, Suderman MT, Barret AD. West Nile virus strains differ in mouse neurovirulence and binding to mouse or human brain membrane receptor preparations. Virology 2002; 296: 17-23.

  41. Sampson BA, Armbrustmacher V. West Nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 951: 172-178.

  42. Diamond MS, Shrestha B, Marri A, Mahan D, Engle M. B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus. J Virol 2003; 77: 2578-2586.

  43. Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M, antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 376-379.

  44. Shieh W, Guarner J, Layton M. The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: 370-372.

  45. De Biasi Rl, Tyler KL. Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis and Management of Central Nervous System Infections. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 1215-1219.

  46. Fradin MS. Mosquitoes and Mosquito Repellents: a Clinician’s Guide. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 931-940.

  47. Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellent against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 13-18.

  48. Arroyo J, Miller C, Catalan J. Safety and efficacy of chimeric-attenuated yellow fever/West Nile virus live vaccine. In: Program and abstract 42d Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, Calif., Septiembre 27-30, 2002. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2002. abstract.

  49. Ben-Nathan D, Lusting Shlomo, Tam G, Robinzon S, Segal S, Rager-Zisman B. Prophylactic and Terapeutic Efficacy of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Treating West Nile Virus in Mice. JID 2003; 188; 5-12.

  50. Agrawall AG, Petersen LR. Human Immunoglobulin as a Treatment for West Nile Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 1-4.

  51. Dirección General de Epidemiología. Vigilancia Epidemiológica Semana 46, México DF: Secretaría de Salud, 2003; 20: 25.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com