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2004, Número 1

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Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab 2004; 51 (1)


Encefalitis por virus Nilo-Oeste: Epidemiología, ecología, diagnóstico y prevención

Carrada BT

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 51
Paginas: 6-15
Archivo PDF: 446.53 Kb.


RESUMEN

La encefalitis Nilo-Oeste es causada por el arbovirus del Nilo-Oeste, que se ha venido propagando por Norteamérica. En el verano de 1999, las muertes de los cuervos de Nueva York, las aves enfermas del Zoológico del Bronx, y la presentación de un conglomerado inesperado de casos de encefalitis, anunciaron la llegada del nuevo Flavivirus a los Estados Unidos. Aunque en 1999 sólo se registraron 62 casos y siete defunciones, el virus se movió rápidamente a través del continente, y en el 2002 hubo 4,156 casos y 284 defunciones. Hubo otras epidemias recientes en Israel, Rumania, Rusia y en Canadá. Los enfermos más viejos y aquellos usuarios de medicamentos inmunosupresores, tuvieron mayor riesgo de neuroinfección, caracterizada por daños a las meninges, el parénquima cerebral o la médula espinal. En el 2002 se reconocieron pacientes con parálisis flácida poliomielítica. Los intentos de aislar el virus del suero o del líquido cefalorraquídeo no fueron exitosos, porque las viremias fueron bajas y el virus había desaparecido cuando los pacientes se presentaron. La titulación de la IgM en el suero y el líquido cefalorraquídeo fue el método de diagnóstico más práctico y eficiente. La prevención consiste en eliminar los criaderos de mosquitos, uso racional de insecticidas, y evitar las picaduras de los mosquitos, incluyendo el uso de repelentes. En este trabajo se revisó la ecología-epidemiología y los cuadros clínicos producidos por el virus Nilo-Oeste.


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