2009, Number 1
<< Back Next >>
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2009; 47 (1)
A Dangerous Combination for Stroke in Young Patient: Assimilation of the Atlas and Anti β2-Glycoprotein I Antibodies
Gutiérrez J, Sandoval L, Rivera C, Zamorano C, Santiago N, Martínez V
Language: English
References: 34
Page: 89-94
PDF size: 343.98 Kb.
ABSTRACT
A 45 year old male was admitted to the hospital for unsteady gait and dizziness. The brain CT showed bilateral cerebellar ischemic stroke. The MRI corroborated the stroke in the cerebellum with a third acute ischemic stroke in the pons. The laboratory work up showed a positive anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies. The cerebral angiogram showed the territories occluded and also a rare malformation of the cranium vertebral junction called assimilation of the atlas. We concluded that due to the turbulence created in the V3 segment of the vertebral artery surrounding the atlas, the presence of the anti β2-glycoprotein was the cause of the infarction in this patient.
REFERENCES
Osborn AG. Sistema vertebrobasilar. En: Angiografía cerebral. España: Marban; 2000. p. 173-194.
Rothon A. The cerebellar arteries. Neurosurgery 2000;47(3 Suppl):529-568.
Cagnie B, Babaix E, Vinck E, D’Herde K, Combier D. Extrinsic risk factors for compromised blood flow in the vertebral artery: anatomical observations of the transverse foramina from C3-C7. Surg Radiol Anat 2005;27(4):312- 316.
Laurian GB. Impairment of vertebral artery flow caused by extrinsic lesions. Neurosurgery 1989; 24(2):206-214.
Piper JG, Traynelis VC. Congenital malformations of the craniovertebral junction. En: Dickman C, editor. Surgery of the craniovertebral junction. New York, NY: Thieme; 1998. p. 123-149.
Sartor K, Schmidt H, Schanberg F. Unialternal occlusion of the vertebral artery in a patient with assimilation of the atlas. Fortschr Geb Rontgernstr Nuclearmed 1974;121(5):623-629.
Nemecek AN, Newell DW, Goodkin R. Transient rotational compression of the vertebral artery caused by herniated cervical disc. Case report. J Neurosurg 2003;98(1Suppl):80-83.
Coert BA, Chang SD, Marks MP, Steinberg GK. Revascularization of the posterior circulation. Skull base 2005;15(1):43-62.
Thompsom BG, Spetzler RF. Posterior fossa revascularization. En: Dickman C, editor. Surgery of the craniovertebral junction. New York: Thieme; 1998. p. 605-619.
Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy craniometry and congenital anomalies. Radiographics 1994;14(2):255-277.
Menezes AH, VanGilder JC. Anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. En: Youmans JR, editor. Neurological surgery. Third edition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1989. p. 1359-1420.
Menezes AH, Riken TC. Abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction. En: Cheek WR, editor. Pediatric neurosurgery. Third edition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1994. p. 139-158.
Wakayama K, Murakami M, Suzuki M , Ono S, Shimizu N. Ischemic symptoms induced by occlusion of the unilateral vertebral artery head rotation together with contralateral vertebral artery dissection. Case report. J Neurol Sci 2005;236 (1-2):87-90.
Berguer R, Flynn LM, Kline RA, Caplan L. Surgical reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery; management and outcome. J Vasc Surg 2000;31(1 Pt 1):9-18.
Spetzler RF, Hadley MN, Martin NA, et al. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Part I: Microneurosurgical treatment of extracranial vertebrobasilar disease. J Neurosurg 1987;66(5): 648-661.
Ausman JI, Díaz FG, Vacca DF, Sadasivan B. Superficial temporal and occipital artery bypass pedicles to superior, anterior inferior, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. J Neurosurg 1990;72(4):554-558.
Bowie EJ, Thompson JH Jr, Pascuzzi CA, Owen CA JR Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Clin Invest 1963;62:416-430.
Harris EN. Special report: the Second International Anti-cardiolipin test and its standardization. Lupus 2002;11:269-275.
Caronti B, Calderaro C, Alessandri C, Conti F, Tinghino R, Palladini G. Beta 2-glycoprotein (beta e- GPI)1 mRNA is expressed by several cell types involved in anti-phospholipid syndrome-related tissue damage. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;115 (1):214-219.
Schousboe I. Beta 2-glycoprotein I: a plasma inhibitor of the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathways. Blood 1985;66(5):1086-1091.
Audrain MA, El-Kouri D, Hamidou MA, Mioche L, Ibara A, Langlois ML, et al. Value of antibodies to beta 2-glycoprotein 1 in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 2002; 41(5):550-553.
Roubey RA. Immunology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39(9): 1444-1454.
Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346(10): 752-763.
Bombeli T, Karsan A, Tait JF, Harlan JM. Apoptotic vascular endothelial cells become procoagulant. Blood 1997;89(7):2429-2442.
Ma K, Simantov R, Zhang JC, Silverstain R, Hajjar KA, McCrae KR. High affinity binding of beta 2- glycoprotein I to human endothelial cells is mediated by annexin II. J Biol Chem 2000;275 (20):1541-1548.
Cesarman-Maus G, Rios-Luna NP, Deora AB, Huang B, Villa R, Cravioto MC, et al. Autoantibodies against the fibrinolytic receptor, annexin 2, in antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2006;107 (11):4375-4382.
Nawroth PP, Stern DM. Endothelial cell procoagulant properties and the host response. Semin Thromb Hemost 1987;13(4):391-397.
Visvanathan S, McNeil HP. Cellular immunity to beta 2-glycoprotein I in patient with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Immunol 1999;162(11): 6919-6925.
Shi W, Krilis SA, Chong BH, Gordon S, Chesterman CN. Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population. Aust N Z J Med 1990;20(3):231-236.
Villa P, Hernández MC, López-Fernández MF, Batlle J. Prevalence , follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemost 1994;72(2):209-213.
Hanly JG. Antiphospholipid syndrome: an overview. CMAJ 2003;168(13):1675-1682.
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, Lockshin MD, Branch DW, Piette JC, et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1309-1311.
Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Schwartzman S. Validation of the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:440(2)-443.
Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, Thompson JL, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004; 291:576-584.