medigraphic.com

2012, Number 3

<< Back Next >>

Rev Fac Med UNAM 2012; 55 (3)

Cerebrovascular disease

Arauz A, Ruíz-Franco A

Language: Spanish
References: 79
Page: 11-21
PDF size: 165.82 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) is a public health problem. According to World Health Organization, stroke is the second leading cause of overall death (9.7%), of which 4.95 million occur in countries with low and middle income. The rate of recurrence at two years, ranges from10 to 22%, but it can be reduced by up to 80%, with the modification of risk factors. In the absence of appropriate preventive interventions, it is estimated that by 2030, its incidence will increase up to 44%. Data from the ministry of health of Mexico show that in our country stroke mortality rate has increased from the year 2000, particularly in adults younger than 65. In 2007 the total number of discharges in public hospitals 1% was attributed to stroke, while in 2008 the mortality rate was 28.3/100,000.
The present review addresses the most relevant aspects of the main types of stroke, ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage.


REFERENCES

  1. Alwan A. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.Geneva. World Health Organization 2011

  2. Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367:1747-57.

  3. Kolominsky-Rabas P, Weber M, Gefeller, et al. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke. 2001;32:2735-40.

  4. Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:182-87.

  5. Chiquete E, Ruíz J, Murillo B, et al. Mortalidad por enfermedad vascular cerebral en México, 2000-2008: Una exhortación a la acción. Rev Mex Neuroci. 2011;12:235-41

  6. Easton J, Saber J, Albers G, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association stroke council. Stroke. 2009;40:2276-93.

  7. Johnston S, Rothwell P, Nguyen-Huynh M, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369:283-92.

  8. Van der Worp H, Van Gijn J. Acute Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:572-9

  9. Brott T, Adams H, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864-70.

  10. Adams H, Bendixen B, Kapelle L, Love B, Gordon D, Marsh E. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35-41.

  11. Asinger R, Dyken M, Hart R. Cardiogenic Brain Embolism: the Second Report of the cerebral embolism task force. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:727-43.

  12. Lip G, Lim H. Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:981-93.

  13. Aguilar M, Hart R, Pearce L. Oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18:3-7.

  14. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Jones L, Warlow C. The natural history of lacunar infarction: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke. 1987;18:545-51.

  15. Fisher C. Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology. 1965; 15:774-84.

  16. Fisher C. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology. 1982;32:871-6.

  17. Lammie A, Brannan F. Nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel disease. Stroke 1997;28:2222-9.

  18. Mast H, Thompson J, Lee S, Mohr J, Sacco R. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus as determinants of multiple lacunar infarcts. Stroke. 1995;26:30-33.

  19. Arboix A, Martí-Vilalta J. New concepts in lacunar stroke etiology: the constellation of small vessel arterial disease. Cerebrovasc dis. 2004;17:58-62.

  20. Biller J. Non-atherosclerotic cerebral vasculopathies in the young. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1997;6:173-7.

  21. Arauz A, Hoyos L, Espinoza C, Cantú C, Barinagarrementería F, Román G. Dissection of cervical arteries: long-term follow-up study of 130 consecutive cases. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22:150-4.

  22. Touzé E, Oppenheim C, Trystam D, et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia of cervical and intracranial arteries. Int J Stroke. 2010;5:296-305.

  23. Scolding N. Central nervous system vasculitis. Semin Immunopathol. 2009; 31:527-36.

  24. Ferro J, Massaro A, Mas J. Aetiological diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:1085-96.

  25. Brott T, Adams H, Olinger C, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke.1989;20:864-70.

  26. Muir K, Weir J, Murray D, Povey C, Lees K. Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis. Stroke. 1996;27:1817-20.

  27. Swain S, Turner C, Tyrrell P, Rudd A. Diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2008;337-786

  28. Chalela J, Kidwell C, Nentwich L, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet. 2007;369:293-8.

  29. Muir K, Buchan A, Von Kummer R, Rother J, Baron J. Imaging of acute stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:755-68.

  30. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet. 2004;363:768-74.

  31. Khatri P, Wechsler L, Broderick J. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with revascularization therapies. Stroke. 2007;38:431-40.

  32. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute Ischemic stroke. New Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317-29.

  33. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke-monitoring study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet. 2007;369:275-82.

  34. Wahlgren N, Ahmed A, Eriksson N, et al. Multivariable analysis of outcome predictors and adjustment of main outcome results to baseline data profile in randomized controlled trials; safe Implementation of thrombolysis in stroke monitoring study (SITSMOST). Stroke. 2008;39:3316-22.

  35. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Dávalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3-4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study. Lancet. 2008;372:1303-9.

  36. Cantú C, Chiquete E, Ruiz-Sandoval J, Arauz A, Murillo-Bonilla L, Bariangarrementeria F. Manejo agudo y pronóstico a un año en pacientes mexicanos con un primer infarto cerebral: resultados del estudio multicéntrico PREMIER. Rev Neurol. 2010;51:641-9.

  37. Harold P. Adams J, Gregory Z, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: A guideline from the American heart association/American stroke association. Circulation. 2007;115:478-534.

  38. Barinagarrementeria F, Arauz A, Ruiz J, et al. Antiplaquetarios en la prevención del infarto cerebral o isquemia cerebral transitoria aterotrombótica. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62:135-40.

  39. Alegría M, Arauz A, Roa F, et al. Anticoagulación en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad vascular cerebral. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62:141-51.

  40. Ridker P, Danielson E, Fonseca F, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C reactive protein (JUPITER Study). N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-207.

  41. Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:453-63.

  42. Cantú C, Villarreal J, Barinagarrementeria F, et al. Estatinas en la prevención secundaria de enfermedad vascular cerebral. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62:162-9.

  43. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549-59.

  44. Qureshi A, Tuhrim S, Broderick J, Batjer H, Hondo H, Hanley D. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1450-60.

  45. Láinez J, Pareja A. The medical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Rev Neurol. 2000;31:174-9.

  46. Ruiz J, Colorado H, Loy M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Rev Invest Clin. 2002;54:275-80.

  47. Grysiewicz R, Thomas K, Pandey D. Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality and risk factors. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:871-95.

  48. Ruiz-Sandoval JL, Chiquete E, Garate-Carrillo A, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in Mexico: results from a multicenter nationwide hospital-based registry on cerebrovascular disease (RENAMEVASC). Rev Neurol. 2011;16(53):705-12.

  49. Feldmann E, Broderick J, Kernan W, et al. Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke. 2005;36:1881-5.

  50. Ariesen M, Claus S, Rinkel G, Algra A. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003;34:2060-5.

  51. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American heart association/American stroke association/stroke council. Stroke. 2007;38:2001-23.

  52. Woo D, Broderick J. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology and clinical presentation. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2002;13:265-79.

  53. NINDS ICH workshop participants. Priorities for clinical research in intracerebral hemorrhage: report from a national institute of neurological disorders and stroke workshop. Stroke. 2005;36:23-41.

  54. Rincon F, Mayer S. Novel therapies for intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10:94-100.

  55. Mendelow A, Gregson B, Fernandez H, Murray GD. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the international surgical trial in intracerebral haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:387-97.

  56. Auer L, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K, et al. Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:530-5.

  57. Escudero A, Marqués A, Taboada C. Actualización en hemorragia cerebral espontánea. Med Intensiva. 2008;32:282-95

  58. Sacco R, Wolf P, Bharucha N, et al. Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage: natural history, prognosis, and precursive factors in the Framingham study. Neurology. 1984 Jul;34:847-54.

  59. Van Gijn J, Kerr R, Rinkel G. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Lancet. 2007;369:306-18.

  60. Ruiz-Sandoval J, Cantú C, Chiquete E, et al. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a Mexican multicenter registry of cerebrovascular disease: the RENAMEVASC study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18:48-55.

  61. Feigin V, Rinkel G, Lawes C, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke. 2005;36:2773-80.

  62. Ferro J, Canhão P, Peralta R. Update on subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2008;255:465-79.

  63. Gibbons G, Dzau V. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1431-8.

  64. Hoi Y, Meng H, Woodward S. Effects of arterial geometry on aneurysm growth: Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics study. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:676-81.

  65. Chiu J, Chen N, Lee P. Analysis of the effect of disturbed flow on monocytic adhesion to endothelial cells. J Biomech. 2003;36:1883-95.

  66. Hoefer I, van Royen N, Rectenwald J. Arteriogenesis proceeds via ICAM-1/Mac-1 mediated mechanisms. Circ Res. 2004;94:1179-85.

  67. Shyy Y, Chien S. Role of integrins in cellular responses to mechanical stress and adhesion. Curr Opin Cell Bio.1997;9:707-13.

  68. Provenzale J, Hacein-Bey L. CT evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a practical review for the radiologist interpreting emergency room studies. Emerg Radiol. 2009;16:441-51.

  69. Bracard S, Anxionnat R, Picard L. Current diagnostic modalities for intracraneal aneurysms. Neuroimaging clinics of north america. 2006;16:397-411.

  70. Diringer M, Bleck T, Hemphill J, et al. Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the neurocritical care society’s multidisciplinary consensus conference. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:211-40

  71. Kimball M, Velat G, Hoh B, et al. Critical care guidelines on the endovascular management of cerebral Vasospasm. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:336-41.

  72. Britz GW. ISAT Trial: coiling or clipping for intracranial aneurysms. Lancet. 2005;366:783-5.

  73. Johnston S, Higashida R, Barrow D, et al. Recommendations for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. A statement for the healthcare professionals from the committee on cerebrovascular imaging of the American heart association council on cardiovascular radiology. Stroke. 2002;33:2536-44.

  74. Hidjra A, Braakman R, Van Gijn J, Vermeulen M, Van Crevel H. Aneurysmal subarchnoid hemorrhage. complications and outcome in a hospital population. Stroke. 1987;18:1061-7.

  75. Lysakowski C, Walder B, Costanza M. Transcranial Doppler versus angiography in patients with vasospasm due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: A systematic review. Stroke. 2001;32:2292-8.

  76. Binaghi S, Colleoni M, Maeder P, et al. CT angiography and perfusion CT in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:750-8.

  77. Heros R, Zervas N, Varsos V. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an update. Ann Neurol. 1983;308:619-24.

  78. Pluta R. Dysfunction of nitric oxide synthases as a cause and therapeutic target in delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Neurol Res. 2006;28:730-7.

  79. Zhang Z, Macdonald R. Contribution of the remodeling response to cerebral vasospasm. Neurol Res. 2006;28:713-20.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com