2008, Number 5
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Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2008; 46 (5)
Guide for Appropriate using of the Non-Opioid Analgesics in the Management of Pain
Vladislavovna DS, Reyes-Morales H, Jiménez-Balderas FJ, Camargo-Coronel A, Navarro-Pureco S, Torres-Arreola LP, Mino-León D, Olivares-Santos RA
Language: Spanish
References: 196
Page: 523-532
PDF size: 797.43 Kb.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this guide is to provide for
general practitioners or physicians of primary
care a comprehensive, evidence based tool
that permits them to take an adequate decision
about the appropriate use of the nonopioid
analgesics in the mana-gement of
pain.
REFERENCES
Keys J, Beardon PH, Lau C, Lang CC, McDevitt DG. General practitioners’ use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tayside and Fife regions. J R Soc Med 1992;85:442-445.
Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, Rothschild J, Debellis K, Seger AC, Cadoret C, Fish LS, Garber L, Kelleher M, Bates DW. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA 2003;289:1107-1116.
Zhan C, Sangl J, Bierman AS, Miller MR, Friedman B, Wickizer SW, Meyer GS. Potentially inappropriate Medication Use in the Community-Dwelling Elderly. Findings from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. JAMA 2001;286:2823-2829.
Glazier RH, Dalby DM, Badley EM, Hawker GA, Bell MJ, Buchbinder R, Lineker SC. Management of common musculoskeletal problems: a survey of Ontario primary care physicians. CMAJ 1998;158:1037-1040.
Anderson GM, Beers MH, Kerluke K. Auditing prescription practice using explicit criteria and computerized drug benefit claims data. J Eval Clin Pract 1997;3:283-294.
Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain. Second edition. Seattle: IASP Task Force on Taxonomy, IASP Press; 1994.
AGP panel on chronic pain in older persons. The management of chronic pain in older persons. American Geriatrics society. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:635-651.
Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral and neural mechanisms of nociception. En: Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Textbook of pain. Third edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1994. p. 13-44.
Bonica JJ. Definitions and taxonomy of pain. En: Bonica JJ, editor. The management of pain. Second edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990. p. 18-27.
McCormack HM, Horne DJ, Sheather S. Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med 1988;18:1007-1019.
Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain 2003;4:407-414.
Banos JE, Bosch F, Canellas M, Bassols A, Ortega F, Bigorra J. Acceptability of visual analogue scales in the clinical setting: a comparison with verbal rating scales in postoperative pain. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1989;11:123-127.
Breivik EK, Bjornsson GA, Skovlund E. A comparison of pain rating scales by sampling from clinical trial data. Clin J Pain 2000;16:22-28.
Shekelle P, Woolf S, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines. Developing guidelines. BMJ 1999;318:593-595.
Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:787-796.
Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2002;359:14-22.
Henry D, Dobson A, Turner C. Variability in the risk of major gastrointestinal complications from nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1078-1088.
Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Nielsen GL, Steffensen FH, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:2218-24.
Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Sorensen HT, Thomassen L, McLaughlin JK, Nielsen GL, Olsen JH. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding among users of NSAIDs: a population- based cohort study in Dermank. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:173-181.
García-Rodríguez LA, Jick H. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994; 343:769-772.
Johnson AG. NSAIDs and increased blood pressure. What is the clinical significance? Drug Saf 1997; 17:277-289.
Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: An underrecognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med 2000;160: 777-784.
Solomon DH, Schneeweiss S, Levin R, Avorn J. Relationship between COX-2 specific inhibitors and hypertension. Hypertension 2004;44:140-145.
Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Day RO. Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect blood pressure? A meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:289-300.
National Institutes of Health, NIH Office of Communications and Public Liaison. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suspended in large Alzheimer’s disease prevention trial. Disponible en http://www.nih.gov/news/or/dec2004/od-20.htm
Henry D, Page J, Whyte I, Nanra R, Hall C. Consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the development of functional renal impairment in elderly subjects. Results of a case control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:85-90.
Gambaro G, Perazella MA. Adverse renal effects on anti-inflammatory agents: evaluation of selective and nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. J Intern Med 2003;253:643-652.
Whelton A, Stout RL, Spilman PS, Klassen DK. Renal effects of ibuprofen, piroxicam and sulindac in patients with asymptomatic renal failure: a prospective, randomized, crossover comparison. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:568-576.
Graham GG, Scott KF, Day RO. Tolerability of paracetamol. Drug Saf 2005;28:227-240.
Bjorkman D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugassociated toxicity of the liver, lower gastrointestinal tract, and esophagus. Am J Med 1998;105:17S-21S.
Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Hepatotoxicity associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Liver Dis 2003;7:401-413.
Quiralte J, Blanco C, Castillo R, Delgado J, Carillo T. Intolerance to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: results of controlled drug challenges in 98 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:678-685.
Szczeklik A, Stevenson DD. Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111: 913-21.
Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles- Hulett A. Safety of etoricoxib, a new cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, in patients with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced urticaria and angio-edema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;95: 154-158.
West PM, Fernández C. Safety of COX-2 inhibitors in asthma patients with aspirin hypersensitivity. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:1497-501.
Griffin MR, Piper JM, Daugherty JR, Snowden M, Ray A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:257-263.
McLeod PJ, Huang AR, Tamblyn RM, Gayton DC. Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. Can Med Assoc J 1997;156:385-391.
Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 2716-2724.
Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:824-829.
Takahiro H, Shekelle PG, Solomon DH, Knight EL, Roth C, Chang JT, Kamberg CJ, MacLean CH, Young RT, Adams J, Reuben DB, Avorn J, Wenger NS. The quality of pharmacologic care for vulnerable older patients. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:714-720.
Chennavasin P, Seiwell R, Brater DC. Pharmacokinetic and dynamic analysis of the indomethacinfurosemide interaction in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;215:77-81.
Sturmer T, Erb A, Keller F, Günter KP, Brenner H. Determinants of impaired renal function with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the importance of half-life and other medications. Am J Med 2001;111:521-527.
Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A. NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1108-1112.
Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:735-740.
Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1665-1670.
Kovarik JM, Mueller EA, Gerbeau C, T et al. Cyclosporine and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: exploring potential drug interactions and their implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:336-343.
Martindale. The complete drug reference. 34th ed. London, England:Pharmaceutical Press;2004.
Favre L, Glasson P, Riondel A, Vallotton MB. Interaction of diuretics and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in man. Clin Sci 1983; 64:407-415.
Brouwers JR, de Smet PA. Pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;28:462-485.
Rossat J, Maillard M, Nussberger J, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Renal effects of selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibition in normotensive salt-depleted subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:76-84.
Kubacka RT, Antal EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR. Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:20-26.
Product Information: Toradol(R), ketorolac tromethamine. Nuttley, NJ: Roche Laboratories; 1996.
Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, Cucchiara AJ, DeMarco S, Tournier B, Vyas SN, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1809-1817.
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Egger MJ, et al. Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1196-1206.
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Artritis. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46: 328-346.
Edwards JE, Oldman A, Smith L, Collins SL, Wiffen PJ, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Single dose oral aspirin for acute pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999;1.
Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ, Wiffen PJ, Edwards JE. Single dose oral ibuprofen and diclofenac for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998;1.
Barden J, Edwards J, Moore A, McQuay H. Single dose oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003; 1.
Wienecke T, Gotzsche PC. Paracetamol versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003; 1.
McNicol E, Strassels SA, Goudas L, Lau J, Carr DB. NSAIDS or paracetamol, alone or combined with opioids, for cancer pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004; 1.
Marjoribanks J, Proctor ML, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003;1.
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Watson M, Brookes ST, Faulkner A, Kirwan J. Nonaspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996;1.
Towheed TE, Maxwell, L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G. Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005;1.
Towheed TE, Hochberg MC, Shea BJ, Wells G. Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis of the hip. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1997; 1.
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Lewis SC, Langman MJS, Laporte JR, Matthews JNS, Raulins MD, Wiholm BE. Dose-response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a metaanalysis based on individual patient data.Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54:320-326.
Henry D, Lim LL, Lim LL, et al. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ 1996;312:1563- 1566.
García-Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Diaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology 2001;12:570-576.
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Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: An underrecognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:777-784.
Furst DE. Clinical significance of long versus short serum half-lives in NSAIDs. In:Famaey JP, Paulus HE, editors. Therapeutic applications of NSAIDs: subpopulations and new formulations. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998:359-383.
Henry D, Page J, Whyte I, Nanra R, Hall C. Consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the development of functional renal impairment in elderly subjects. Results of a casecontrol study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:85-90.
van der Klauw MM, Goudsmit R, Halie MR, van’t Veer MB, Herings RM, Wilson JH, Stricker BH. A population-based case-cohort study of drug-associated agranulocytosis. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:369-374.
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Agrawal NG, Rose MJ, Matthews CZ, Woolf EJ, Porras AG, Geer LA, Larson PJ, Cote J, Dilzer SC, Lasseter KC, Alam I, Petty KJ, Gottesdiener KM. Pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib in patients with hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43: 1136-1148.
Ruoff G. Management of pain in patients with multiple health problems: a guide for the practicing physician. Am J Med 1998;105:53-60.
Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, Tugwell P, Welch V, Jolicoeur E, McGowan J. Prevention of NSAIDinduced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002;1.
Keys J, Beardon PH, Lau C, Lang CC, McDevitt DG. General practitioners’ use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Tayside and Fife regions. JR Soc Med 1992;85:442-445.
Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, Rothschild J, Debellis K, Seger AC, Cadoret C, Fish LS, Garber L, Kelleher M, Bates DW. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA 2003;289:1107-1116.
Zhan C, Sangl J, Bierman AS, Miller MR, Friedman B, Wickizer SW, Meyer GS. Potentially inappropriate Medication Use in the Community-Dwelling Elderly. Findings from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. JAMA 2001;286:2823-2829.
Glazier RH, Dalby DM, Badley EM, Hawker GA, Bell MJ, Buchbinder R, Lineker SC. Management of common musculoskeletal problems: a survey of Ontario primary care physicians. CMAJ 1998;158:1037-1040.
Anderson GM, Beers MH, Kerluke K. Auditing prescription practice using explicit criteria and computerized drug benefit claims data. J Eval Clin Pract 1997;3:283-294.
Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain. Second edition. Seattle: IASP Task Force on Taxonomy, IASP Press; 1994.
AGP panel on chronic pain in older persons. The management of chronic pain in older persons. American Geriatrics society. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:635-651.
Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral and neural mechanisms of nociception. En: Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Textbook of pain. Third edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1994. p. 13-44.
Bonica JJ. Definitions and taxonomy of pain. En: Bonica JJ, editor. The management of pain. Second edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990. p. 18-27.
McCormack HM, Horne DJ, Sheather S. Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med 1988;18:1007-1019.
Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain 2003;4:407-414.
Banos JE, Bosch F, Canellas M, Bassols A, Ortega F, Bigorra J. Acceptability of visual analogue scales in the clinical setting: a comparison with verbal rating scales in postoperative pain. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1989;11:123-127.
Breivik EK, Bjornsson GA, Skovlund E. A comparison of pain rating scales by sampling from clinical trial data. Clin J Pain 2000;16:22-28.
Shekelle P, Woolf S, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines. Developing guidelines. BMJ 1999;318:593-595.
Gabriel SE, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:787-796.
Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2002;359:14-22.
Henry D, Dobson A, Turner C. Variability in the risk of major gastrointestinal complications from nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1078-1088.
Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Nielsen GL, Steffensen FH, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:2218-24.
Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Sorensen HT, Thomassen L, McLaughlin JK, Nielsen GL, Olsen JH. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding among users of NSAIDs: a population-based cohort study in Dermank. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:173-181.
García-Rodríguez LA, Jick H. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994; 343:769-772.
Johnson AG. NSAIDs and increased blood pressure. What is the clinical significance? Drug Saf 1997; 17:277-289.
Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: An underrecognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med 2000;160: 777-784.
Solomon DH, Schneeweiss S, Levin R, Avorn J. Relationship between COX-2 specific inhibitors and hypertension. Hypertension 2004;44:140-145.
Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Day RO. Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect blood pressure? A meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:289-300.
National Institutes of Health, NIH Office of Communications and Public Liaison. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suspended in large Alzheimer’s disease prevention trial. Disponible en http://www.nih.gov/news/or/dec2004/od-20.htm
Henry D, Page J, Whyte I, Nanra R, Hall C. Consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the development of functional renal impairment in elderly subjects. Results of a case control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:85-90.
Gambaro G, Perazella MA. Adverse renal effects on anti-inflammatory agents: evaluation of selective and nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. J Intern Med 2003;253:643-652.
Whelton A, Stout RL, Spilman PS, Klassen DK. Renal effects of ibuprofen, piroxicam and sulindac in patients with asymptomatic renal failure: a prospective, randomized, crossover comparison. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:568-576.
Graham GG, Scott KF, Day RO. Tolerability of paracetamol. Drug Saf 2005;28:227-240.
Bjorkman D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugassociated toxicity of the liver, lower gastrointestinal tract, and esophagus. Am J Med 1998;105:17S-21S.
Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Hepatotoxicity associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Liver Dis 2003;7:401-413.
Quiralte J, Blanco C, Castillo R, Delgado J, Carillo T. Intolerance to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: results of controlled drug challenges in 98 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:678-685.
Szczeklik A, Stevenson DD. Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111: 913-21.
Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles-Hulett A. Safety of etoricoxib, a new cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, in patients with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced urticaria and angio-edema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;95: 154-158.
West PM, Fernández C. Safety of COX-2 inhibitors in asthma patients with aspirin hypersensitivity. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:1497-501.
Griffin MR, Piper JM, Daugherty JR, Snowden M, Ray A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:257-263.
McLeod PJ, Huang AR, Tamblyn RM, Gayton DC. Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. Can Med Assoc J 1997;156:385-391.
Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 2716-2724.
Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:824-829.
Takahiro H, Shekelle PG, Solomon DH, Knight EL, Roth C, Chang JT, Kamberg CJ, MacLean CH, Young RT, Adams J, Reuben DB, Avorn J, Wenger NS. The quality of pharmacologic care for vulnerable older patients. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:714-720.
Chennavasin P, Seiwell R, Brater DC. Pharmacokinetic and dynamic analysis of the indomethacinfurosemide interaction in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;215:77-81.
Sturmer T, Erb A, Keller F, Günter KP, Brenner H. Determinants of impaired renal function with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the importance of half-life and other medications. Am J Med 2001;111:521-527.
Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A. NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1108-1112.
Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:735-740.
Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1665-1670.
Kovarik JM, Mueller EA, Gerbeau C, T et al. Cyclosporine and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: exploring potential drug interactions and their implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:336-343.
Martindale. The complete drug reference. 34th ed. London, England:Pharmaceutical Press;2004.
Favre L, Glasson P, Riondel A, Vallotton MB. Interaction of diuretics and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in man. Clin Sci 1983; 64:407-415.
Brouwers JR, de Smet PA. Pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;28:462-485.
Rossat J, Maillard M, Nussberger J, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Renal effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in normotensive salt-depleted subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:76-84.
Kubacka RT, Antal EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR. Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:20-26.
Product Information: Toradol(R), ketorolac tromethamine. Nuttley, NJ: Roche Laboratories; 1996.
Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, Cucchiara AJ, DeMarco S, Tournier B, Vyas SN, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1809-1817.
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Egger MJ, et al. Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1196-1206.
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Artritis. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46: 328-346.
Edwards JE, Oldman A, Smith L, Collins SL, Wiffen PJ, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Single dose oral aspirin for acute pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999;1.
Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ, Wiffen PJ, Edwards JE. Single dose oral ibuprofen and diclofenac for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998;1.
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