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2008, Number 5

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Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2008; 46 (5)

Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Pain: 479 Neuropathic and Nociceptive

Morales-Vigil T, Alfaro-Ramírez del Castillo OI, Sánchez-Román S, Guevara-López U, Vázquez-Pineda F

Language: Spanish
References: 84
Page: 479-484
PDF size: 109.59 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective: to describe and compare anxiety and depression symptoms between two group patients with neuropathic and nociceptive pain those arrive for first time to a clinic of pain.
Methods: non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive design. Seventy-eight patients that arrive the first time to a clinic of pain were evaluated; those patients were divided in two groups: neuropathic pain with 44 patients and nociceptive pain with 34 patients. To evaluate anxiety and depression we use the Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), this scale is adapted and validated in Mexico.
Results: from the 78 patients in the study, the 76.9% were female and 23.1% were male. The age average was (56.9 ± 16.8 year-old for neuropathic pain and 63.1 ± 17.2 year-old for nociceptive pain). The reliability of the scale HAD was evaluated by the Chronbach’s alpha analysis with an r = 0.826. There was no significance difference in anxiety and depression between types of pain, but after analyzing all of the patients we found that anxiety was more frequent than depression p ‹ 0.0001.
Conclusions: independently of the algological diagnosis, patients presented almost the same affective symptoms.


REFERENCES

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  2. Penzo W. El dolor crónico. Aspectos psicológicos. Barcelona: Martínez Roca; 1989.

  3. Gatchel RJ. Psychological disorders in chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC, editors. Psychological approaches to pain management. New York: Guilford; 1996.

  4. Turk DC, Meichenbaum D, Genest M. Pain and behavioral medicine: a cognitive behavioral perspective. New York: Guilford Press; 1983.

  5. Banks SM, Kerns RD. Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: a diathesis-stress framework. Psychol Bull 1996;119:95-110.

  6. Bradley LA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk D, editors. Psychological approaches to pain management. New York: Guilford; 1996.

  7. Bazako E. Intervención psicológica en una unidad de dolor. En: Remor E, Arranz P, Ulla S, editores. El psicólogo en el ámbito hospitalario. Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer; 2003.

  8. Cornwal A, Doncleri DC. The effect of experimental induced anxiety on the experience of pressure pain. Pain 1988;35:105-113.

  9. Katon W. The impact of major depression on chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1996;18:215-219.

  10. Burns J, Jonson B, Mahoney N, Devine J, Pawl R. Cognitive and physical capacity process variables predict long-term outcome alter treatment of chronic pain. J Clin Consult Psychiatry 1998;66:434-439.

  11. Sullivan M, Katon W. Somatization: the path between distress and somatic symptoms. Am Pain Soc J 1993;2:141-149.

  12. Barsky A, Klerman G. Overview: hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:273-283.

  13. Plata-Muñoz M, Castillo-Olivares M, Guevara-López U. Evaluación de afrontamiento, depresión, ansiedad e incapacidad funcional en pacientes con dolor crónico. Rev Mex Anetesiol 2004;27(1):16-23.

  14. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Steeler, Rosomoff H. Compensation and noncompensation chronic pain patients compared for DSM-III operational diagnosis. Pain 1988;32:197-206.

  15. Katon W, Egan K, Millar D. Chronic pain: lifetime psychiatric diagnosis and family history. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1156-1160.

  16. Magni G, Candieron C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population: an analysis of the First National And Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Pain 1983;16:201-206.

  17. Vissers K, De Jongh R, Hoffman V, Heylen R, Crul B, Meert T. Internal and external factors affecting the development of neuropathic pain in rodents. Is it all about pain? Pain Pract 2003;3(4):362-342.

  18. Smith P, Stebbing M, Moran T, Tarkila P, Abdulla F. Neuropathic pain and the electrophysiology and pharmacology of nerve injury. Drug Dev Res 2002; 54:147-153.

  19. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatry Scand 1983;67: 361-370.

  20. López-Alvarenga JC, Vázquez-Velázquez V, Arcila- Martínez D, Sierra-Ovando A, González-Barranco J, Salín-Pascual R. Exactitud y utilidad diagnóstica del Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale (HAD) en una muestra de sujetos obesos mexicanos. Rev Invest Clin 2002;54(5):403-409.

  21. Sternbach R. The psychology of pain. Raven Press; 1978.

  22. Smith PA, Stebbing MJ, Moran TD, Tarkkila P, Abdulla F. Neuropathic pain and the electrophysiology and pharmacology of nerve injury. Drug Dev Res 2002;54:140-153.

  23. Arners S, Megerson BA. Lack of analgesic effects of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 1988;33:11-23.

  24. McCaffery M, Pasero C. Pain: clinical manual. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999.

  25. Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC. Advances in neuropathic pain. Arch Neurol 2003;60: 1524-1534.

  26. Gilron I, Watson PN, Cahill CN, Moulin DE. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ 2006;102(5):1473-1479.

  27. Berger A, Dukes EM, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and economic costs of patients with painful neuropathic disorders. J Pain 2004;5:344-356.

  28. García R. Frecuencia de depresión y ansiedad en el paciente farmacodependiente. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1992.

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  30. Mejía JA. Diagnóstico de depresión en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en un programa de diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1988.

  31. Esquinca JL. Frecuencia de depresión y ansiedad en el embarazo de alto riesgo y en embarazo normal. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1989.

  32. Stroud MW, Thorn BE, Jensen MP, Boothby JL. The relation between pain beliefs, negative thoughts, and psychosocial functioning in chronic patients. Pain 2000;84:347-352.

  33. Cook AJ, Brawer PA, Vowles KE. The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain 2006;121: 195-206.

  34. Macrodimitis SD, Endler NS. Coping, control and adjustment in type 2 diabetes. Health Psychol 2001;20(3):208-216.

  35. Lefebvre J, Keefe F. Memory of pain: the relationship of pain catastrofizing to the recall of daily rheumathoid arthtritis pain. Clin J Pain 2002;18:56-63.

  36. Jensen M, Ehde D, Hoffman A, Patterson D, Czerniecki J, Robinson L. Cognitions, coping and social environment predict adjustment to phantom limb pain. Pain 2002;95:133-142.

  37. Reesor KA, Craig KD. Medically incongruent chronic back pain: physical limitations, suffering, and ineffective coping. Pain 1988;32:35-45.

  38. Bandura A. Self-efficacy and uniying bodily sensations. Ann Intern Med 1977;91:62-70.

  39. Loeser J. Terapéutica del dolor. Vol. 1. México: McGraw-Hill; 2003.

  40. Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL. Chronic painassociated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain 1997;13:116-137.

  41. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Meagher BR. Male and female chronic pain patients categorized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria. Pain 1986;26:181-187.

  42. Koening HG, George LK, Peterson BL. Depression in medically ill hospitalized older adults: prevalence, characteristics, and course of symptoms according to six diagnostic schemes. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1376-1383.

  43. IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain 1979; 6:249-252.

  44. Penzo W. El dolor crónico. Aspectos psicológicos. Barcelona: Martínez Roca; 1989.

  45. Gatchel RJ. Psychological disorders in chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC, editors. Psychological approaches to pain management. New York: Guilford; 1996.

  46. Turk DC, Meichenbaum D, Genest M. Pain and behavioral medicine: a cognitive behavioral perspective. New York: Guilford Press; 1983.

  47. Banks SM, Kerns RD. Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: a diathesis-stress framework. Psychol Bull 1996;119:95-110.

  48. Bradley LA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk D, editors. Psychological approaches to pain management. New York: Guilford; 1996.

  49. Bazako E. Intervención psicológica en una unidad de dolor. En: Remor E, Arranz P, Ulla S, editores. El psicólogo en el ámbito hospitalario. Bilbao: Desclée De Brouwer; 2003.

  50. Cornwal A, Doncleri DC. The effect of experimental induced anxiety on the experience of pressure pain. Pain 1988;35:105-113.

  51. Katon W. The impact of major depression on chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1996;18:215-219.

  52. Burns J, Jonson B, Mahoney N, Devine J, Pawl R. Cognitive and physical capacity process variables predict long-term outcome alter treatment of chronic pain. J Clin Consult Psychiatry 1998;66:434-439.

  53. Sullivan M, Katon W. Somatization: the path between distress and somatic symptoms. Am Pain Soc J 1993;2:141-149.

  54. Barsky A, Klerman G. Overview: hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:273-283.

  55. Plata-Muñoz M, Castillo-Olivares M, Guevara-López U. Evaluación de afrontamiento, depresión, ansiedad e incapacidad funcional en pacientes con dolor crónico. Rev Mex Anetesiol 2004;27(1):16-23.

  56. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Steeler, Rosomoff H. Compensation and noncompensation chronic pain patients compared for DSM-III operational diagnosis. Pain 1988;32:197-206.

  57. Katon W, Egan K, Millar D. Chronic pain: lifetime psychiatric diagnosis and family history. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1156-1160.

  58. Magni G, Candieron C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population: an analysis of the First National And Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Pain 1983;16:201-206.

  59. Vissers K, De Jongh R, Hoffman V, Heylen R, Crul B, Meert T. Internal and external factors affecting the development of neuropathic pain in rodents. Is it all about pain? Pain Pract 2003;3(4):362-342.

  60. Smith P, Stebbing M, Moran T, Tarkila P, Abdulla F. Neuropathic pain and the electrophysiology and pharmacology of nerve injury. Drug Dev Res 2002; 54:147-153.

  61. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatry Scand 1983;67: 361-370.

  62. López-Alvarenga JC, Vázquez-Velázquez V, Arcila- Martínez D, Sierra-Ovando A, González-Barranco J, Salín-Pascual R. Exactitud y utilidad diagnóstica del Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale (HAD) en una muestra de sujetos obesos mexicanos. Rev Invest Clin 2002;54(5):403-409.

  63. Sternbach R. The psychology of pain. Raven Press; 1978.

  64. Smith PA, Stebbing MJ, Moran TD, Tarkkila P, Abdulla F. Neuropathic pain and the electrophysiology and pharmacology of nerve injury. Drug Dev Res 2002;54:140-153.

  65. Arners S, Megerson BA. Lack of analgesic effects of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 1988;33:11-23.

  66. McCaffery M, Pasero C. Pain: clinical manual. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999.

  67. Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC. Advances in neuropathic pain. Arch Neurol 2003;60: 1524-1534.

  68. Gilron I, Watson PN, Cahill CN, Moulin DE. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ 2006;102(5):1473-1479.

  69. Berger A, Dukes EM, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and economic costs of patients with painful neuropathic disorders. J Pain 2004;5:344-356.

  70. García R. Frecuencia de depresión y ansiedad en el paciente farmacodependiente. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1992.

  71. Rojas GC. Evaluar la validez de la escala de depresión geriátrica (GDS) y la escala de depresión y ansiedad para hospitales generales (HAD). Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1991.

  72. Mejía JA. Diagnóstico de depresión en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en un programa de diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1988.

  73. Esquinca JL. Frecuencia de depresión y ansiedad en el embarazo de alto riesgo y en embarazo normal. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1989.

  74. Stroud MW, Thorn BE, Jensen MP, Boothby JL. The relation between pain beliefs, negative thoughts, and psychosocial functioning in chronic patients. Pain 2000;84:347-352.

  75. Cook AJ, Brawer PA, Vowles KE. The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain 2006;121: 195-206.

  76. Macrodimitis SD, Endler NS. Coping, control and adjustment in type 2 diabetes. Health Psychol 2001;20(3):208-216.

  77. Lefebvre J, Keefe F. Memory of pain: the relationship of pain catastrofizing to the recall of daily rheumathoid arthtritis pain. Clin J Pain 2002;18:56-63.

  78. Jensen M, Ehde D, Hoffman A, Patterson D, Czerniecki J, Robinson L. Cognitions, coping and social environment predict adjustment to phantom limb pain. Pain 2002;95:133-142.

  79. Reesor KA, Craig KD. Medically incongruent chronic back pain: physical limitations, suffering, and ineffective coping. Pain 1988;32:35-45.

  80. Bandura A. Self-efficacy and uniying bodily sensations. Ann Intern Med 1977;91:62-70.

  81. Loeser J. Terapéutica del dolor. Vol. 1. México: McGraw-Hill; 2003.

  82. Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL. Chronic painassociated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clin J Pain 1997;13:116-137.

  83. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Meagher BR. Male and female chronic pain patients categorized by DSM-III psychiatric diagnostic criteria. Pain 1986;26:181-187.

  84. Koening HG, George LK, Peterson BL. Depression in medically ill hospitalized older adults: prevalence, characteristics, and course of symptoms according to six diagnostic schemes. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1376-1383.




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