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Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz

2012, Number 1

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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (1)

Depresión en adolescentes: El papel de los sucesos vitales estresantes

Veytia LM, González ALFNI, Andrade PP, Oudhof H

Language: Spanish
References: 90
Page: 37-43
PDF size: 114.28 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Introduction Stressful life events have been seen to influence the onset and development of depressive symptoms in adolescents. These are originated by family, personal and economic situations altering the individuals’ normal activities.
Objective and method The objective of this study was to identify the relationship with and the effect of stressful life events on symptoms of depression in adolescent high-school students, as well as to determine if there are differences between males and females. 2292 adolescents, aged 15 to 19 years, were included (54% females and 46% males). Both the CES-D-R revised version of the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Sandín SV Life Events Questionnaire were used. Statistical Analysis. In order to assess the depressive symptoms and the life events degree of stress variables, we performed descriptive analyses, Student t-tests, Pearson correlations and stepwise multiple regression analyses.
Results The results indicate that 15.6% of the adolescents had depressive symptoms (CES-D-R) and 80.4% had suffered some family stressful life event. There were statistically significant differences in the scores for the life events degree of stress when it was analyzed by sex, with a higher mean being found in females. A significant relationship was found between depressive symptoms and the degree of stress of life events related with the social area (r=0.34; p<0.001). Additionally, the degree of stress of the life events dimensions was found to predict the presence of depressive symptoms in adolescents by 21%.
Conclusions The degree of stress of life events is related with the presence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Furthermore, the fact of being a female and having experienced any stressful life event is associated with a higher depressive symptoms score.


REFERENCES

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  2. American Psychiactric Association. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (4ª Edición) Breviario: Criterios diagnósticos. Barcelona: Masson; 2002; pp. 323-352.

  3. Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Méndez E et al. Diferencias de sexo en la prevalencia y severidad de trastornos psiquiátricos en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2009;31:155-163.

  4. Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Fleiz C. La depresión con inicio temprano prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Pública Méx 2004;46:417-423.

  5. Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull 2001;127:773–796.

  6. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. JAMA 2003;289:3095-3105.

  7. Muscatell KA, Slavich GM, Monroe SM, Gotlib I. Stressful Life events, chronic difficulties, and the symptoms of clinical depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009;197:154–160.

  8. Vázquez C, Hernangómez L, Hervás G. Modelos cognitivos de la depresión: su aplicación al estudio de las fases tempranas. En: Vázquez- Barquero JL (ed). Las fases tempranas de las enfermedades mentales: trastornos depresivos. Barcelona: Masson & Elsevier;2008.

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  10. Kercher JA, Rapee MR, Schniering AC. Neuroticism, life events and negative thoughts in the development of depression in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009;37:903-915.

  11. Ingram RE, Miranda J, Segal ZV. Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York: Guilford Press;1998.

  12. Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005;1:293– 319.

  13. Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Georgiades K. The social environment and life stress in depression. En: Gotlib IH, Hammen CL (eds). Handbook of depression. New York: The Guilford Press;2008.

  14. Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of lifestress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin 1991;110:406-425.

  15. Hammen C, Henry R, Daley S. Depression an sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:782-787.

  16. Kendler KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO et al. Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression in women. Am J of Psychiat 2003;152:833- 842.

  17. Monroe S M, Torres LD, Guillaumot J, Harkness KL et al. Life stress and the long-term treatment course of recurrent depression: III. Nonsevere life events predict recurrence for medicated patients over 3 years. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006;74:112-120.

  18. Oliva A, Jiménez J, Parra A, Sánchez-Queija I. Acontecimientos vitales estresantes, resiliencia y ajuste adolescente. Revista Psicopatología Psicología Clínica 2008;13:53-62.

  19. Grant KE, Compas BE, Thurm AE et al. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects. Clin Psychol Rev 2006;26:257-283.

  20. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear K. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:21-27.

  21. Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin 2001;127:773–796.

  22. Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psych Meas 1977;1:385-401.

  23. González-Forteza C, Jiménez-Tapia JA, Ramos-Lira L, Wagner FA. Aplicación de la Escala de depresión del Center of Epidemiological Studies en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Pública Mex 2008;50:292-299.

  24. Sandín B. El estrés psicosocial: Conceptos y consecuencias clínicas.2ª Ed. Madrid: Klinik;2008.

  25. Larson R, Ham M. Stress and «storm and stress» in early adolescence: The relationship Of negative life-events with disphorie affect. Dev Psychol 1993;29:130-140.

  26. Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:895-899.

  27. Kessler R. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psycho 1997;48:191-214.

  28. Rutter M. La conducta antisocial de los jóvenes. Madrid: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

  29. Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the «kindling» hypothesis and recurrence of depression: Considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychol Rev 2005;112:417-445.

  30. Bouma MC, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel J. Stressful life events and depressive problems in early adolescent boys and girls: the influence of parental depression, temperament and family environment. J Affect Disord 2008;105:185-193.

  31. Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Torres LD, Gotlib IH. Severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression. Psychol Med 2007;37:863-871.

  32. Mayer L, López-Durán NL, Kovacs M, George CJ et al. Stressful life events in a clinical sample of depressed children in Hungary. J Affect Disord 2009;115-207.

  33. Sheeber L, Hop H, Alpert A, Davis B et al. Family support and conflict: Prospective relations to adolescent depression. J Amnorm Child Psychol 1997;25:333-344.

  34. Jiménez L, Menéndez S, Hidalgo MV. Un análisis de los acontecimientos vitales estresantes durante la adolescencia. Apunt Psicol 2008;26:427-440.

  35. Rosemberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C. Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. Am Sociol Rev 2001;14:141-156.

  36. Pérez MV, Urquijo S. Depresión en adolescentes. Relaciones con el desempeño académico. Psicología Escolar Educacional 2001;5:37-43.

  37. Herrera A, Maldonado A. Depresión, cognición y fracaso académico. J Clin Health Psychol 2002;2:25-50.

  38. Atzaba-Poria N, Pike A, Deater-Deckard K. Do risk factors for problem behavior act in a cumulative menner? An examination of ethnic minority and majority children through an ecological perspective. J Child Psychol Psyc 2004;45:707-718.

  39. Silberg JL, Pickles A, Rutter M, Hewitt J et al. The influence of genetic factors and life stress on depression among adolescent girls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:225–232.

  40. Harkness K, Alavi N, Monroe SM, Slavich G et al. Gender differences in life events prior to onset of major depressive disorder: The moderating effect of age. J Abnorm Psychol 2010;4:791-803.

  41. Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning. J Consult Child Psychol 1995;63:90-100.

  42. Hammen C. Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. J Clin Psychol 2006;62:69-82.

  43. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Worthman CM. Pubertal changes in hormones of adolescent girl. Psychological Medicine 1999;29:1043-1053.

  44. Thapar A, McGuffin P. The genetic etiolofy of childhood depressive symptoms: A developmental perspective . Dev Psychopathol 1996;8:751- 760.

  45. González-Forteza C, Solís-Torres C, Jiménez-Tapia JA, Hernández FI et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34:53-59.

  46. Lara MC, Robles R, Orozco R, Real T et al. Estudio de costo-efectividad del tratamiento de la depresión en México. Salud Mental 2010;33:301-308.

  47. American Psychiactric Association. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (4ª Edición) Breviario: Criterios diagnósticos. Barcelona: Masson; 2002; pp. 323-352.

  48. Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Méndez E et al. Diferencias de sexo en la prevalencia y severidad de trastornos psiquiátricos en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2009;31:155-163.

  49. Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Fleiz C. La depresión con inicio temprano prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Pública Méx 2004;46:417-423.

  50. Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull 2001;127:773–796.

  51. Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. JAMA 2003;289:3095-3105.

  52. Muscatell KA, Slavich GM, Monroe SM, Gotlib I. Stressful Life events, chronic difficulties, and the symptoms of clinical depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009;197:154–160.

  53. Vázquez C, Hernangómez L, Hervás G. Modelos cognitivos de la depresión: su aplicación al estudio de las fases tempranas. En: Vázquez-Barquero JL (ed). Las fases tempranas de las enfermedades mentales: trastornos depresivos. Barcelona: Masson & Elsevier;2008.

  54. Sanz J, Vázquez C. Trastornos del estado de ánimo: Teorías psicológicas. En: Belloch A, Sandín B, Ramos F (eds). Manual de psicopatología. Madrid: McGraw Hill;2008.

  55. Kercher JA, Rapee MR, Schniering AC. Neuroticism, life events and negative thoughts in the development of depression in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009;37:903-915.

  56. Ingram RE, Miranda J, Segal ZV. Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York: Guilford Press;1998.

  57. Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005;1:293–319.

  58. Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Georgiades K. The social environment and life stress in depression. En: Gotlib IH, Hammen CL (eds). Handbook of depression. New York: The Guilford Press;2008.

  59. Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of lifestress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin 1991;110:406-425.

  60. Hammen C, Henry R, Daley S. Depression an sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:782-787.

  61. Kendler KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO et al. Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression in women. Am J of Psychiat 2003;152:833-842.

  62. Monroe S M, Torres LD, Guillaumot J, Harkness KL et al. Life stress and the long-term treatment course of recurrent depression: III. Nonsevere life events predict recurrence for medicated patients over 3 years. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006;74:112-120.

  63. Oliva A, Jiménez J, Parra A, Sánchez-Queija I. Acontecimientos vitales estresantes, resiliencia y ajuste adolescente. Revista Psicopatología Psicología Clínica 2008;13:53-62.

  64. Grant KE, Compas BE, Thurm AE et al. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects. Clin Psychol Rev 2006;26:257-283.

  65. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear K. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:21-27.

  66. Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability–transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin 2001;127:773–796.

  67. Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psych Meas 1977;1:385-401.

  68. González-Forteza C, Jiménez-Tapia JA, Ramos-Lira L, Wagner FA. Aplicación de la Escala de depresión del Center of Epidemiological Studies en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Pública Mex 2008;50:292-299.

  69. Sandín B. El estrés psicosocial: Conceptos y consecuencias clínicas. 2ª Ed. Madrid: Klinik; 2008.

  70. Larson R, Ham M. Stress and «storm and stress» in early adolescence: The relationship Of negative life-events with disphorie affect. Dev Psychol 1993;29:130-140.

  71. Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:895-899.

  72. Kessler R. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psycho 1997;48:191-214.

  73. Rutter M. La conducta antisocial de los jóvenes. Madrid: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

  74. Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the «kindling» hypothesis and recurrence of depression: Considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychol Rev 2005;112:417-445.

  75. Bouma MC, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel J. Stressful life events and depressive problems in early adolescent boys and girls: the influence of parental depression, temperament and family environment. J Affect Disord 2008;105:185-193.

  76. Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Torres LD, Gotlib IH. Severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression. Psychol Med 2007;37:863-871.

  77. Mayer L, López-Durán NL, Kovacs M, George CJ et al. Stressful life events in a clinical sample of depressed children in Hungary. J Affect Disord 2009;115-207.

  78. Sheeber L, Hop H, Alpert A, Davis B et al. Family support and conflict: Prospective relations to adolescent depression. J Amnorm Child Psychol 1997;25:333-344.

  79. Jiménez L, Menéndez S, Hidalgo MV. Un análisis de los acontecimientos vitales estresantes durante la adolescencia. Apunt Psicol 2008;26:427-440.

  80. Rosemberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C. Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. Am Sociol Rev 2001;14:141-156.

  81. Pérez MV, Urquijo S. Depresión en adolescentes. Relaciones con el desempeño académico. Psicología Escolar Educacional 2001;5:37-43.

  82. Herrera A, Maldonado A. Depresión, cognición y fracaso académico. J Clin Health Psychol 2002;2:25-50.

  83. Atzaba-Poria N, Pike A, Deater-Deckard K. Do risk factors for problem behavior act in a cumulative menner? An examination of ethnic minority and majority children through an ecological perspective. J Child Psychol Psyc 2004;45:707-718.

  84. Silberg JL, Pickles A, Rutter M, Hewitt J et al. The influence of genetic factors and life stress on depression among adolescent girls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:225–232.

  85. Harkness K, Alavi N, Monroe SM, Slavich G et al. Gender differences in life events prior to onset of major depressive disorder: The moderating effect of age. J Abnorm Psychol 2010;4:791-803.

  86. Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning. J Consult Child Psychol 1995;63:90-100.

  87. Hammen C. Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. J Clin Psychol 2006;62:69-82.

  88. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Worthman CM. Pubertal changes in hormones of adolescent girl. Psychological Medicine 1999;29:1043-1053.

  89. Thapar A, McGuffin P. The genetic etiolofy of childhood depressive symptoms: A developmental perspective. Dev Psychopathol 1996;8:751-760.

  90. González-Forteza C, Solís-Torres C, Jiménez-Tapia JA, Hernández FI et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34:53-59.




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