L¨®pez MA , Ramos LA

Language: Spanish
References: 32
Page: 38-44
PDF size: 656.73 Kb.

ABSTRACT

TGF-¦Â superfamily members are secreted growth factors that possess several important functions in cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion. The TGF-¦Â family is divided into three primary groups, TGF-¦Âs, activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP¡¯s). TGF-¦Âs comprises three isoformas in mammalians, TGF-¦Â, 2, and 3. In most tissues, the TGF-¦Â isoform predominates and is produced by every leukocyte lineage, including lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and platelets, and its expression serves in both autocrine and paracrine modes to control the process mentioned previously. However, increased production and activation of latent TGF-¦Â have been linked to immune defects associated with malignancy and autoimmune disorders, susceptibility to opportunistic infection and to the fibrotic complications associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. In this work, we realized a review of the immunoregulatory properties of TGF-¦Â in the context of parasitic infections.

REFERENCES

1. Wahl SM. Transforming growth factor-β: The good, the bad and the ugly. J. Exp. Med., 1994; 180: 1587-1590.

2. Stavnezer J. Regulation of antibody production and class switching by TGF-β1. J. Immnunol., 1995; 156: 1647-1651.

3. Omer FM, Kurtzhals JAL., and Riley EM. (2000) Maintaining the immunological balance in parasitic infections: A role for TGF-β? Parasitol. Today, 2000; 16: 18-23.

4. Yu Q, Stamenkovic I. Cell surface-localized matrizmetalloprotease-9 proteolytically activates TGF-β and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Genes Dev 2000; 14:163-76.

5. Wrana JL. y cols. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor. Nature, 1994; 370: 341-347.

6. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH. Pober JS. In Martin J. Wonsiewicz WB. Editors. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. (Martin J. y Wonsiewicz, W. B. eds), Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA. 1996

7. Mosmann TR. Coffman RL. Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1989; 7:145-173.

8. Groux, H. et al. A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature, 1997; 389: 737-742.

9. Letterio JJ.Roberts AB. Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1998;16: 137-161.

10. Cools N. Ponsaerts P. Van TendelooVFI. Berneman ZN. Regulatory T cells and human disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2007; 2007:89195

11. Pereira ME. A developmentally regulated neuraminidase activity Trypanosoma cruzi. Science, 1983; 219: 1444-1446.

12. Waghabi MC. Keramidas M. Feige JJ. Araujo- Jorge TC. Bailly S. Activation of transforming growth factor beta by Trypanosoma cruzi. Cell Microbiol 2005;7:511-7

13. Templeton TJ. Kaslow DC. Cloning and crossspecies comparison of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) gene from Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium gallinaceum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 1997; 84: 13-24.

14. Omer FMM.de Souza JB. Corran PH. Sultan AA. Riley EM. Activation of transforming growth factor beta by malaria parasite-derived metalloproteinases and thrombospondin-like molecule. J Exp Med 2003; 198:1817-27.

15. Fitzpatrick DR.Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Transforming growth factor β in infectious disease: always there for the host and the pathogen. Trends Microbiol., 1999; 7: 232-236.

16. Wassner SC de Souza JB Frere C. Candal FJ. Juthan-Vagua II. Grau GE. TGF-beta 1 released from activated parasites can induce TNF-stimulated human brain endothelium apoptosis: a new mechanism for microvascular lesion during cerebral malaria. J Immunol 2006; 15: 1180-4.

17. Nagineri CN. Detrick B. Hooks JJ. Transforming growth factor-b expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells is enhanced by Toxoplasma gondii: a possible role in the immunopathogenesis of retinochoroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128: 372-78.

18. López-Monteon A. et al. Modulated TGF-beta response in the hamster model in response to immunization with the recombinant L1b protein from Entamoeba histolytica. Arch. Med. Res, 2000; 31: S81-S83.

19. Melby PC. Tryon VV. Chandrasekar B. Freeman GL. Cloning of syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) cytokine cDNAs and analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 1998; 66: 2135- 2142.

20. Wilson ME. et al. The importance of TGF-b in murine visceral leishmaniasis. J. Immunol., 1998; 161: 6148-6155.

21. Caldas A. Favali C. Aquino D. Vinhas V. Weyenbergh J. et al. Balance of IL-10 and interferon- γ plasma levels in human visceral leishmaniasis: Implications in the pathogenesis. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5.113.

22. Imai S. Fujita K. Molecules of parasites as immunomodulatory drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2004; 4: 539-52.

23. Ribeiro de Jesus A. Magalhaes A. Gonzalez Miranda D. Gonzalez Miranda R. Araújo MI. Almeida de Jesús A. et al. Association of type 2 cytokines with hepatic fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoi infection. Infect Immune 2004; 72: 339-97.

24. Alvess Oliveira LF. Moreno EC. Gazzinelli G.Martins-Filho OA. Silveira AMS. Gazzinelli A. et al. Cytokine production associated with periportal fibrosis during chronic Schistosomiasis mansoni in humans. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 1251-21.

25. Waghabi MC. Keramidas M. Calvet CM. Meuser M. Soeiro MNC. Mendonca-Lima L. et al. SB-431542 a transforming growth factor β inhibitor impairs Tripanosoma cruzi infection in cardiomyocites and parasites cycle completion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 2905-10.

26. Kariminia A. Bourreau E. Pascalis H. Couppié P. Saint-Marie D. Tacchini-Cothier F. et al. Transforming growth factor β1 production byCD4+ CD25+ regulatoru T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects stimulated with Leishmania guyanensis. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 5908-14.

27. Li C. Sanni LA. Omer F. Riley E. Langhome J. Pathology of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infection and mortality in interleukin 10-deficient mice are ameliorated by anti-tumor necrosis factor α and exacerbated by anti-trasnforming growth factor β antibodies. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 4850-56,

28. Omer FM. Riley EM. Transforming growth factos β production is inversely correlated with severity of murine malaria infection. J EXP Med 1998; 188: 39-48.

29. Tsunawak S. Sporn M. Ding A.Nathan C. Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor-beta. Nature, 1988; 334: 260-262.

30. Omer FM de Souza JB. Riley EM. Differential induction of TGFβ regulates proinflammatory cytokine production and determines the outcome of letal and non letal Plasmodium yoelii infections. J Immunol 2003; 171:5430-36.

31. Walther M. Tongren JE. Andrews L. Korbel D. King E. Fletcher H. et al. Upregulation of TGFβ, FOXP3 and CD4+ CD25+ T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection. Immunity 2005; 23: 287-96.

32. Brunet L. R.. et al. Cytokine interaction and immune responses during Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol. Today, 1998;14: 422-427.