medigraphic.com
Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México

2010, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2010; 67 (1)

Resistance to linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in a third-level pediatric hospital

Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Vigueras GJC, Escalona VG, Arellano GJ, Giono CS, Nava FM

Language: Spanish
References: 30
Page: 19-26
PDF size: 159.06 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Background: The emergence of resistance to the oxazolidinones by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLRA) Enterococcus spp not exposed is one of the main reasons for control of the clinical use of these antibiotics.
Methods: We studied 95 strains of MRSA and HLAR, which were isolated from January 2003 to December 2007 at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. The strains were identified by conventional tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated for several antimicrobial agents including linezolid according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The high resistance to aminoglycosides was tested by amplification of genes aac (6')-le, aph (2")-and ant (6') in enterococci. Staphylococcal cassette chromosomal mec (SCCmec) associated with MRSA was identified by molecular techniques described previously.
Results: All MRSA strains showed SCCmec type II, and 100% of enterococci strains with phenotype HLAR showed genes associated with high-level aminoglycoside resistance; 12% of HLAR enterococci strains showed intermediate values to linezolid (MIC 4 µg/mL) and only one strain was resistant (MIC 128 µg/mL). Of the MRSA strains, 2.2% were resistant to linezolid (MIC 8 µg/mL).
Conclusion: Linezolid is a clinically valuable option as a form of therapy. However, continuous surveillance is necessary to determine the emergent risk of resistance strains and to establish guidelines for appropriate use.


REFERENCES

  1. Tenover FC. The challenges of emerging infectious diseases. Development and spread of multiply-resistant bacterial pathogens. JAMA 1996;275:300-304.

  2. Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. New Engl J Med 2002;342:710-721.

  3. Smith RL, Evans HL, Chong TW, McElearney ST, Hedrick TL, Swenson BR, et al. Reduction in rates of quarterly linezolid-vancomycin cycling in a surgical intensive care unit. Surg Infect 2008:9:423-431.

  4. Facklam RR, Sahm DF, Teixeira LM. Enterococcus. In: Murray P, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1999. pp. 297-300.

  5. Moellering RC. Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:1173-1176.

  6. Bazet C, Blanco J, Seija V, Palacio R. Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina. Un problema emergente en Uruguay. Rev Med Uruguay 2005;21:151-158.

  7. Randhawa VS, Kapoor L, Singh V, Mehta G. Aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci isolated from paediatric septicaemia in a tertiary care hospital in north India. Indian J Med Res 2004;119:77-79.

  8. Yhu-Chering H, Yi-Hong C, Lin-Hui S, Rey-In L, Tzou-Yien L. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and its association with infection among infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. Pediatrics 2006;118:469-474.

  9. Deurenberg RH, Vink C, Kalenic S, Friedrich AW, Bruggeman CA, Stobberingh EE. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:222-235.

  10. Leonard SN, Cheung CM, Rybak MJ. Activities of ceftobiprole, linezolid, vancomicina, and daptomycin against community-associated and hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2979-2976.

  11. Perry CM, Jarvis B. Linezolid: a review of its use in the management of serius gram-positive infections. Drugs 2001;61:525-551.

  12. Youssef S, Hachem R, Chemaly RF, Adachi J, Ying J, Rolston K, et al. The role of vitamin B6 in the prevention of haematological toxic effects of linezolid in patients with cancer. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:421-424.

  13. Tenover FC. Development and spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: An overview. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(suppl 3):108-115.

  14. Gold HS, Pillai SK. Antistaphylococcal. Agents Infect Dis Clin N Am 2009:23;99-131.

  15. Shinabarger DL. Mechanism of action of the oxazolidione antibacterial agent. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999;8:1195-1202.

  16. Facklam RR, Sahm DF, Teixeira LM. Enterococcus. In: Murray P, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1999. pp. 301-305.

  17. CLSI. 2005. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-9th Edition MIDO-S15(25)1.

  18. Zhang K, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Conly JM. Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5026-5033.

  19. Qu TT, Chen YG, Yu YS, Wei ZQ, ZhouZH, Li LJ. Genotypic diversity and epidemiology of high-level gentamicin resistant Enterococcus in a Chinese hospital. J Infect 2006;52:124-130.

  20. Suk-Kyung L, Tanimoto K, Tomita H, Ike Y. Pheromone-responsive conjugative vancomycin resistance plasmids in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from human and chicken feces. Am Soc Microbiol 2006;72:6544–6553.

  21. Ashour HM, El-Sharif A. Microbial spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility profile of gram-positive aerobic bacteria isolated from cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5763-5769.

  22. Linden PK. Treatment options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Drugs 2002;62:425-441.

  23. Meka V, Gold H, Cooke A, Ventakataraman L, Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RCjr, et al. Reversion to susceptibility in a linezolid-resistant clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:818-820

  24. Tsakris A, Pillai SK, Gold HS, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Ventakataraman L, Wennersten C, et al. Persistance of rRNA operon mutated copies and rapad re-emergence of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:649-651.

  25. Pillai SK, Sakoulas G, Wennersten, Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RCjr, Ferraro MJ, et al. Linezolid resistence in Staphylococcus aureus: Characterization and stability of resistent phenotipe. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1603-1607.

  26. Cian F, Luzzati R, Dejana ML, Ferrantelli N, Tonin EA, Lagatolla C, et al. Colonisation of the tip of a thoracic catheter by Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin and linezolid. J Med Microb 2009;58:1118-1121.

  27. Besier S, Ludwig A, Zander J, Brade V, Wichelhaus TA. Linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Gene dosage effect, stability, fitness costs, and cross-resistances. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52: 1570–1572.

  28. Gonzalez RD, Schrecenberger PC, Graham MB, Kelkar S, Denuesten K, Quinn JP. Infections due to vancomicyn-resistent Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet 2001;357:1179.

  29. Do KL, Yuna K, Kun SP, Jae WY, Kyungjae K, Nam JH. Antimicrobial activity of mupirocin, daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/ dalfopristin and tigecycline against vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) from clinical isolates in Korea (1998 and 2005) Biochem Mol Biol 2007;40:881-887.

  30. Acha V, Zaragüeta M, Martínez Y, Cobo F. Linezolid-induced anemia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2003;21:321-322.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com