medigraphic.com
Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

2007, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Rev Biomed 2007; 18 (1)

Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers: epidemiological characterization in HIV/AIDS patients. Bolivar City. Bolivar State, Venezuela

Requena I, Brito M, Ramos F, Castillo H

Language: Spanish
References: 39
Page: 19-25
PDF size: 257.27 Kb.


ABSTRACT

In order to epidemiologically characterize Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in a sample of HIV/AIDS patients, a sectional study with 50 patients that attended the Immunology Service, of the “Julio Criollo Rivas” Hospital (Heres Municipality, Bolivar State, Venezuela) Regional Reference Center was carried out from January to December 2004. For this purpose, samples from nasal exudates were taken. The strains were identified by means of Gram staining, catalase, coagulase, and production of desoxyribonuclease tests. 29 persons (58%) were found to be carriers of the bacterium, and belonged mainly to the age group of 33 to 37 years old (24.12%), although no statistically significant differences were found. There was no sex preference (p› 0.05). Heterosexual pattern (89.66%), sexual contact as a means of transmission for the virus (51.72%), arterial hypertension (20.69%), CD4 T lymphocyte counts greater to 200 cel/mm3(75.86%), and the presence of previous staphylococcus infections (11%) were the most frequent epidemiological characteristics in the carriers of the bacterium. Preference was only observed when sexual contact and arterial hypertension were demonstrated (p›0.05). It is concluded that the number of nasal carriers of S. aureus was high in this group of patients.


REFERENCES

  1. Kluytmans J, Mounton J, Ijzerman P, Vandenbrouke-Grauls C, Maat A, Wagenvoort I. Nasal carriage of S. aureus as a major risk factor for wound infections after cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:216-9.

  2. Casadevall A, Pirofski L. Host- pathogen interactions: Basic concepts of microbial commensalism, colonization, infection, and disease. Infect Immunol 2000; 68: 6511-8.

  3. Muro, K., Lim, B. A comparison of mupirocin and rifampicin in short term erradication of S. aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephr 1991; 2: 340.

  4. Yu V, Goetz A, Wagener M, Smith P, Rihs J, Hanchett J. S. aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on hemodialysis. New Engl J Med 1996; 315: 91-6.

  5. Berman D, Schaefler S, Simberkoff L. S. aureus colonization in intravenous drug abusers, dialysis patients and diabetes. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:829-31.

  6. Boyko E, Lipsky B, Sandoval G. NIDDM and prevalence of nasal S. aureus colonization: San Luis Valley diabetes study. Diab Care 1989; 12:189-92.

  7. Mey A, Gille Y, Thivolet C. Carriage of S. aureus and local infections in diabetic outpatients treated with insulin pen. Diab Care 1990; 13:451-2.

  8. Kropec A, Huebner M, Riffel M, Bayer A, Benzing A, Geiger K. Exogenous or endogenous reservoirs of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa or S. aureus infections in a surgical intensive care unit. Intens Care Med 1993; 19: 161-5.

  9. Corbella X, Domínguez M, Pujol M, Ayats J, Sendra M, Pallares R. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage as a market for subsequent staphylococcal infections in intensive care unit patients. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 1997; 16:351-7.

  10. De Oliveira B. Estudo longitudinal sobre portador são de Staphylococcus aureus em alunos de um curso de auxiliar de enfermagem. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999; 32: 395-400.

  11. Aly R, Maibach H, Shinefield H. Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermat 1977; 113:780-2.

  12. Ganesh R, Castle D, Mcgibbon I, Phillips I, Bradbeer C. Staphylococcal carriage and HIV infection. Lancet 1989; 2(8662):558.

  13. Raviglione M, Mariuz P, Pablos A, Battan R, Ottuso P. High Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage rates in patiens with Acquired Inmunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS-related complex. Am J Infect Control 1990; 18:64-9.

  14. Battan R, Raviglione M, Wallace J, Cort S, Boyle F, Taranta A. S. aureus nasal carriage among homosexual men with and without HIV infection. Am J Infect Control 1991; 19:98-100.

  15. Amir M, Paul B, Batchelor B, Kariuki S, Ojoo J, Waiyaki P. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and carriage of tetracyclin-resistant strains associated with HIV-seropositivity. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 1995;14: 34-40.

  16. Shapiro M, Smith K, James W, Giblinj W, Margolis D. Cutaneous microenviroment of human inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and HIV- seronegative individuals, with special reference to Staphylocuccus aureus colonization. J Clin Microb 2000; 38:3174-8.

  17. Groux H, Torpier G, Monte D, Mouton Y, Capron A, Ameisen J. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD 4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J Exp Med 1992; 175:331-40.

  18. Weinke T, Schiller R, Ferenbach FJ, Pohle H. Association between Staphylococcus aureus nashopharyngeal colonization and septicemia in patients infected with the Human Inmunodeficiency Virus. Clin Microb Infect Dis 1992; 11: 985–93.

  19. Holbrook K, Kleir R, Hartel D, Barsky T, Rothschild L. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in HIV- seropositiv and HIV- seronegative drug users. J Acq Imm Defic Synd Hum Retrov 1997; 16:301-6.

  20. Malloy P, Bradra I. Interpretation of aerobic bacterial growth on primary culture media. En: Isenberg, H., editor. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1992. p. 161-9.

  21. Goetz AM, Squier C, Wagener MM, Muder R. Nosocomial infections in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: a two-year survey. Am J Infect Control 1994; 22:334-9.

  22. Jacobson M, Gellermann H, Chambers H. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and recurrent staphylococcal infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1988; 85:172-6.

  23. Nguyen M, Kauffman C, Goodman R, Squier Ch, Arbeit R. Nasal carriage of and infection with Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-Infected Patients. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 221-5.

  24. Kovacs A, Leaf H, Simberkoff M. Bacterial infections. Med Clin North Am 1997; 81:319-43.

  25. Martin J, Perdreau-Remintong F, Kartalija M, Pasi O, Webb M, Gerberding J. A randomized clinical trial of mupirocin in the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:896-9.

  26. Moss N, Perdreau F, Bangsberg D, Charlebois E. Increased risk for Staphylococcus aureus colonization linked to CD4 cell count. XIV International AIDS Conference. 2002. Washington.

  27. Villacian J, Barkham T, Earnest A, Paton N. Prevalence and associated risk factors for nasal colonization with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in HIV infected outpatients in Singapore. Presentado en XIV Internacional AIDS. Conference. 2002. Washington.

  28. Millar M, Gwizdala R, Henry C, Vavagiakis P, Cespedes C, Ergas R, et al. Social Network and Molecular Epidemiologic Analysis of S. aureus Carriage among Drug Users. Presentado en: 45th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005. Washington.

  29. Van Den Boogaard C, Van Belkum A, Sluijter M, Boelens M, Verbrugh H, Hermans P, et al. High Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Carriage in HIV Patients: No Evidence for Bacterial Interference. Presentado en: 45rh. Interciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005. Washington.

  30. González A, Urrestarazu M, Serrano N, Carvajal A, Boada A, Arias F. Flora orofaríngea y nasofaríngea en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Boletín SVM 1998; 18:57-66.

  31. Sissolak D, Geusau A, Heinze G, Witte W, Rotter M. Risk factors for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in infections disease patients, including patients infected with HIV, and molecular typing of colonizing strains. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 2002; 21:88-96.

  32. Castro K, Ward J, Slutsker L, Buehler J, Jaffe H, Berklman R. Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1993; 41:39-40.

  33. Fauci A, Lane C. Enfermedad por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: SIDA y procesos relacionados. En: Braunwald A, Fauci D, Kasper S, Hauser D, Jameson L., editores. Principios de Medicina Interna. 15ª ed. Nueva York: Edit. Mc Graw Hill; 2002. p. 2164-236.

  34. Tumbarello M, De Gaetano K, Tacconelli E, Citton R, Spanu T, Leone F. Risk factors and predictors of mortality of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Agents Chemot 2002; 50: 375-382.

  35. Hardeman E, Melles D, Boelens H, Verbrugh H, Van Belkum A, Nouwen J. Persistent Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is not associated with CD4-Cell level or antiretroviral therapy in a Dutch cohort of HIV patients. Presentado en: Memorias de la 45th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2005, Washington.

  36. Padoveze M, Trabasso P, Branchini M. Nosocomial infections among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in a Brazilian infectious diseases unit. Am J Infect Control 2002; 30:346-50.

  37. Ellis M, Gupta S, Galant S, Hakim S, Vandeven C, Toy C. Impaired neutrophil function in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a comprehensive evaluation. J Infect Dis 1998; 158:1268-76.

  38. Murphy PM, Lane HC, Fauci AS, Gallin JI. Impairment of neutrophil bactericidal capacity in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1998; 158:627-30.

  39. Pos O, Stevenhagen A, Meenhorst P, Kroon F, Van Furth R. Impaired phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by granulocytes and monocytes of AIDS patients. Clin Exp Immun 1992; 88:23-8.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com