medigraphic.com
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública

2003, Number S2

<< Back Next >>

salud publica mex 2003; 45 (S2)

Trends in atmospheric concentrations of lead in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. 1988-1998

Cortez-Lugo M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Gómez-Dantés H, Hernández-Avila M

Language: Spanish
References: 33
Page: 196-202
PDF size: 100.55 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Objective. To describe the trends in airborne lead levels and their association with the control measures implemented from 1988 to 1998 to phase out lead from gasoline that included the introduction of a lead-free gasoline and the use of catalytic converters in automobiles in Mexico City. Material and Methods. Data of atmospheric lead levels were obtained from the 9 field stations included in the local air quality monitoring network (RMMA). Trends for airborne lead are shown by monitor, monitoring area and for the entire metropolitan zone. Analysis of data was performe using linear regression models including autocorrelation analysis. The models were validated by standard diagnostic techniques using student residuals analysis. Results. The introduction of lead-free gasoline and the use of catalytic converters decreased the airborne lead levels by 23% while the slow elimination of lead from gasoline produced a cumulative decrease of 89% during the period and in all areas studied. Conclusions. The strategy implemented to reduce sources of airborne lead pollution had an important impact on atmospheric lead levels. Health risks of this environmental hazard are now primarily due to less important sources and to particular occupational exposures.


REFERENCES

  1. Negrete-Salas M. Dinámica demográfica en la Ciudad de México: la Ciudad de México en el fin del segundo milenio. México, DF: El Colegio de México, 2000:247-255.

  2. Sobrino J. Inversión pública federal en la Ciudad de México: la Ciudad de México en el fin del segundo milenio. México, DF: El Colegio de México, 2000:220-226.

  3. Lezama JL. Contaminación del aire en la Ciudad de México: la Ciudad de México en el fin del segundo milenio. El Colegio de México, 2000:461-468.

  4. Needleman H, Bellinger D, Leviton A. Deficit in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine levels. N Engl J Med 1979;300:689.

  5. Needleman H, Gatsonis C. Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children. J Am Med Assoc 1990;263:673-678.

  6. Howson CP, Hernández-Avila M, Rall DP, Ed. Lead in the Americas: A call for action. Toluca, México: Institute of Medicine of USA/National Institute of Public Health, 1996.

  7. Secretaría de Energía, Minas e Industria Paraestatal. Dirección General de Minas: informes mensuales. México DF, SEMIP, 1989.

  8. Contreras R. The case of Mexico. En: Finkelman J, Corey G, Calderón R, Ed. Environmental epidemiology: A project in Latin America and The Caribbean. Metepec, México: Panamerican Health Organization 1993:114-118.

  9. Johnston J. Econometric methods. 3d Ed. Nueva York (NY): McGraw-Hill, 1984.

  10. Fan J, Gybels I. Local polynomial modelling and it’s applications. Great Britain: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

  11. Hamilton LC. Regression with Graphics. A second course in applied statistics. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1992.

  12. Jiménez-Corona A, Gómez-Dantés H, Tapia CR, Olaiz F. Niveles de plomo en sangre de cordón umbilical en hospitales de la Ciudad de México (1992-1994). Gac Med Mex 1996;132(4):447-450.

  13. Romieu I, Palazuelos E, Meneses F et al. Vehicular traffic as a determinant of blood-lead levels in children: A pilot study in Mexico City. Arch Environ Health 1992;47(4):246-249.

  14. Driscoll W, Mushak P, Garfias J. Reducing lead in gasoline: Mexico´s experience. Environ Sci Technol 1992;26(9)1702-1705.

  15. Romieu I, Palazuelos E, Hernández-Avila M et al. Sources of lead exposure in Mexico City. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102(4):384-389.

  16. Rothenberg S, Schnaas L, Perroni E, Hernández RM, Karchmer S. Secular trend in blood lead levels in a cohort of Mexico City children. Arch Environ Health 1998;53:231-235.

  17. Alliance to end childhood lead poisoning and environmental defense fund. The global dimensions of lead poisoning, Washington, DC; AECLP/EDF, 1994:52-54.

  18. Jiménez C, Romieu I, Palazuelos E, Muñoz I, Cortez M, Rivero A et al. Factores de exposición ambiental y concentraciones de plomo en sangre en niños de la Ciudad de México. Salud Publica Mex 1993;35:599-606.

  19. Romieu I. Lacasaña M. Prevalence of exposure and data quality of lead contamination in Latin America and The Caribbean. En: Houson CP, Hernández-Avila M, Rall DP, Ed. Lead in the Americas: A call for action. Toluca, México: Institute of Medicine of USA/National Institute of Public Health, 1996:77-83.

  20. Olaiz G, Fortoul T, Rojas R. Risk factors for high levels of lead in blood of schoolchildren in Mexico City. Arch Environ Health 1996;51(2): 122-126.

  21. Maravelias C, Athansalelis S, Dona S, Chatzioanov A, Priftis C, Koutselinis A et al. Reduction of lead pollution in Greece during the past two decades. Arch Environ Health 1998;53:424-426.

  22. Wang ST, Pizzolato S, Demshar HP, Smith LF. Decline in blood lead in Ontario children correlated to decreasing consumption of leaded gasoline, 1983-1992. Clin Chem 1997;43:1251-1252.

  23. Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Perroni E, Hernández RM, Karchmer S. Secular trend in blood lead levels in a cohort of Mexico City children. Arch Environ Health 1998;53:231-235.

  24. Taylor R, Bazelmans J, Golec R, Oakes S. Declining blood lead levels in Victorian children. Aust J Public Health 1995;19:455-459.

  25. Hayes E, Mc Elvaine M, Orbach H, Fernández AM, Lyne S, Matte TD. Long-term trends in blood lead levels among children in Chicago: Relationship to air lead levels. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):195-200.

  26. Rabinowitz M, Needleman H. Petrol lead sales and umbilical cord blood lead levels in Boston, Massachusetts. Lancet 1983;1(8314-5):63.

  27. Hinton D, Coope P, Malpres W, Janus ED. Trends in blood lead levels in Christchurch, (NZ) and environs 1978-85. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1986;40:244-248.

  28. Weitlisbach V, Rickenbach M, Berode M, Guillemin M. Time trend and determinants of blood lead levels in a Swiss population over a transition period (1984-1993) from leaded to unleaded gasoline use. Environ Res 1995;68:82-90.

  29. Quinn M, Delves H. UK blood lead monitoring programme 1984-87: Results for 1986. Human Toxicol 1989;6:205-220.

  30. Schuhmacher M, Belles M, Rico A, Domingo JL, Corbella J. Impact of reduction of lead in gasoline on the blood and hair lead levels in the population of Tarragona Province, Spain, 1990-95. Sci Total Environ 1996;184(3):203-209.

  31. Maresky L, Grobler S. Effect of the reduction of petrol lead on the blood lead levels of South Africans. Sci Total Environ 1993;136(1-2):43-48.

  32. Grobler S, Maresky L, Kotze T. Lead reduction of petrol and blood lead concentrations of athletes. Arch Environ Health 1992;47:139-142.

  33. Bono R, Pignata C, Scursatone E, Rovene R, Natale P, Gilli G. Updating about reductions of air and blood lead concentrations in Turin, Italy, following reductions in the lead content of gasoline. Environ Res 1995;70:30-34.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com