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2005, Number 1

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Vet Mex 2005; 36 (1)

Effect of different cereals on nutrient digestibility and dietary preference in starter diets for piglets

Reis STC, Mariscal LG, Aguilera BA.

Language: English/Spanish
References: 120
Page: 11-24
PDF size: 352.56 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Two experiments were conducted using oats, high tannin sorghum (HTS), corn, and low tannin sorghum (LTS) in starter diets during the fi rst 14 days after weaning. In the fi rst experiment, 20 piglets weaned at 20.4 days were used to evaluate the effect of these cereals on total apparent digestibility of nutrients. The piglets were assigned to one of fi ve diets: one corn-starchbased control diet containing casein and skimmed milk, and four experimental diets where one cereal substituted the corn starch. Feces were collected from each pig every day of the second week after weaning to measure the coeffi cient of apparent total digestibility (CaTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy (E) and neutral detergent fi ber (NDF). The experimental diets had a lower (P ‹ 0.001) CaTDDM and CaTDCP than the control diet, except for oats CATDCP. Corn and sorghum diets had similar CaTDDM, CaTDCP and CaTDE. CaTDNDF was lower (P ‹ 0.01) in piglets fed oats and high tannin sorghum. Cereal inclusion in piglet’s diets decreased energy digestibility (P ‹ 0.01). The second experiment was a dietary preference test using the four cereal diets. Seventy-two piglets weaned at 21 days were used. The piglets expressed their dietary preference in descending order, as follows: oats, corn, low tannin sorghum and high tannin sorghum. It is concluded that oats stimulated early feed intake but that piglets had a better capacity to digest diets with high starch content and low levels of fi ber and tannin, such as corn and sorghum diets, which are thus recommended for the postweaning phase.


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  41. 33.Sohn KS, Maxwell CV, Southern LL, Buchanan Improved soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs: II. Effects on ileal amino acid digestibility. J Anim Sci 1994;72:631-637.

  42. 34.Viljoen J, Coetzee SE, Fick JC, Siebrits FK, Hayes JP. The ileal amino acid digestibility of different protein sources for early-weaned piglets. Livest Prod Sci

  43. 1998;54:45-53.

  44. 35.Elkin RG, Marisue BF, Hamaker BR, Zhang YE, Parsons AM. Condensed tannins are only partially responsible for variations in nutrient digestibilities of sorghum grain cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 1996;44:848-853.

  45. 36.Nyachoti CM, Atkinson JL, Leeson S. Sorghum tannins:a review. Words Poult Sci J 1997;53:5-21.

  46. 37.Lizardo R, Peiniau J, Aumaitre A. Effect of sorghum on performance, digestibility of dietary components and activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the weaned piglet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1995;56:67-82.

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  57. body weight distribution within groups. J Anim Sci 2001;79:301-308.

  58. 48.Bruininx EMAM, Binnendijk GP, van der Peet-Scwering CMC, Schrama JW, den Hartog LA, Everts H, et al. Effect of creep consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of grouphoused weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1413-1418.

  59. 49.Whittemore CT, Green DM. Growth of the young weaned pig. In: Varley MA, Wiseman J, editors. The Weaner Pig Nutrition and Management. New York:CABI Publishing, 2001:1-15.

  72. KR, Mahan DC, Cross RF, Reinhart GA, Whitmoyer RE. Effect of age, weaning and post-weaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J Anim Sci 1988;66:574-584.

  73. Friesen KG, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL. The effect of pre and postweaning exposure to soybean meal on growth performance and on the immune response in the early-weaned pig. J Anim Sci 1993;71:2089-2098.

  74. Friesen KG, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD. The effect of moist extrusion of soy products on growth performance and nutrient utilization in the early-weaned pig. J Anim Sci 1993;71:2099-2109.

  75. Salgado P, Freire JPB, Mourato M, Cabral F, Toullec R,Lallès JP. Comparative effects of different legume protein sources in weaned piglets: nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and digestive enzymes. Livest Prod Sci 2002;74:191-202.

  76. Bedford MR, Campbell LD. Enzymes application for monogastric feeds a review. Can J Anim Sci 1992;72:449-466.

  77. Cowan WD, Korsbak A, Hastrup T, Rasmussen PB.Influence of added microbial enzymes on energy and protein availability of selected feed ingredients. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996;60:311-319.

  78. Steidinger MU, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Dritz SS, Borg BS, et al. Effects of providing a water-soluble globulin in drinking water and diet complexity on growth performance of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:3065-3072.

  79. Sève B. Elévage et servage de porcelets. In: Perez JM, Mornet P; Rérat A editors. Le porc et son élevage, bases scientifiques et techniques. Paris: Maloine Éditeur, 1986:403-430.

  80. Bruneau CD, Chavez ER. Dietary preferences for cereals of nursing and weaned piglets. Livest Prod Sci 1995;41:225-231.

  81. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Norma Oficial Mexicana-NOM-062-ZOO-1999, Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Diario Oficial de la Federación. México,D.F. 2001.

  82. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Washington (DC): Association of Offi cial Analytical Chemists, 1990.

  83. Van Soest PJ, Robertson J, Lewis BA. Methods fordietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991;74:3583-3597.

  84. Price ML, Scoyog SV, Butler LG. Critical evaluation of vanillin reaction as an assay for tannin in sorghum grain. J Agric Food Chem 1978;26:1214-1218.

  85. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirement of Swine. 10th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press, 1998.

  86. Baker DH. Ideal amino acid profi les for swine and poultry and their applications in feed formulation.Fermex Technical Review 1997;2:1-24.

  87. Fenton TW, Fenton M. An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces.Can J Anim Sci 1979;59:631-634.

  88. Bateman JV. Nutrición Animal. Manual de métodos analíticos. México (DF): Herrera, Hermanos Sucesores, S. A., 1970.

  89. Reis de Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G, Uribe LL. Efecto de la fuente de grasa en el comportamiento zootécnico y la digestibilidad total e ileal de los nutrimentos en lechones destetados. Téc Pecu Méx 2001;39:193-206.

  90. Fan MZ, Sauer WC. Determination of apparent ileal aminoacid digestibility in barley and canola meal for pigs with the direct, difference, and regression methods. J Anim Sci 1995;73:2364-2374.

  91. SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STA user’s guide. 4th ed. Cary (NC): SAS. Institute Inc.,1990.

  92. Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. 2nd ed. New York, US: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1985.

  93. Drew MD, Van Kessel AG, Estrada AE, Ekpe ED,Zijlstra RT. Effect of dietary cereal on intestinal bacterial populatios in weaned pigs. Can J Anim Sci 2002;82:607-609.

  94. Reis de Souza TC, Mariscal-Landín G. El destete, la función digestiva y la digestibilidad de los alimentos en cerdos jóvenes. Téc Pecu Méx 1997;35:145-159.

  95. Carlson WE, Bayley HS. Digestion of fat by young pigs a study of the amounts of fatty acid in the digestive tract using a fat-soluble indicator of absorption. Br J Nutr 1972;28:339-346.

  96. Sambrook IE. Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. 8. Measurements of the flow of total lipid, acid-detergent fibre and volatile fatty acids. Br J Nutr 1979;42:279-287.

  97. Drochner W. The infl uence of changing amounts of crude fibre and pectic components on preceacal and postileal processes in the growing pig. J Adv Anim Physiol a Anim Nutr, suppl.14, Verlag Paul Parey, 1984.

  98. Veum TL, Odle J. Feeding neonatal pigs. In: Lewis AJ,Southern LL, editors. Swine Nutrition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2000:671-690.

  99. Sauber TE, Owens F. Cereal grains and by-products for swine. In: Lewis A J, Southern L L, editors. wine Nutrition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press;2000:785-802.

  100. Caine WR, Tamminga S, Sauer WC, Verstegen MWA, Schulze H. Bacterial contributions to total and endogenous recoveries of nitrogen and amino acids in ileal digesta of newly weaned piglets fed protease-treated soybean meal. Livest Prod Sci 1998;57:147-157.

  101. Van Beers-Schreus HMG, Nabuurs MJA, VellengaL, Kalsbeek-van der Valk HJ, Wensing T, Breukink HJ. Weaning and the weanling diet influence the villous height and cript depth in the small intestine of pigs and alter the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine and blood. J Nutr 1998;128:947-953.

  102. Makkar HPS, Blummel M, Becker K. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyethlene glycols and tannins, and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques.Br J Nutr 1995;73:897-913.

  103. Balogun RO, Jones RJ, Holmes JHG. Effect of the addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro dry matter digestibility of tropical tanniniferous forages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998;76:77-88.

  104. Sohn KS, Maxwell CV, Southern LL, Buchanan Improved soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs: II. Effects on ileal amino acid digestibility. J Anim Sci 1994;72:631-637.

  105. Viljoen J, Coetzee SE, Fick JC, Siebrits FK, Hayes JP. The ileal amino acid digestibility of different protein sources for early-weaned piglets. Livest Prod Sci 1998;54:45-53.

  106. Elkin RG, Marisue BF, Hamaker BR, Zhang YE, Parsons AM. Condensed tannins are only partially responsible for variations in nutrient digestibilities of sorghum grain cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 1996;44:848-853.

  107. Nyachoti CM, Atkinson JL, Leeson S. Sorghum tannins:a review. Words Poult Sci J 1997;53:5-21.

  108. Lizardo R, Peiniau J, Aumaitre A. Effect of sorghum on performance, digestibility of dietary components and activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the weaned piglet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1995;56:67-82.

  109. Flores JA. Bromatología Animal. 3a ed. México, D.F.:Editorial Limusa, 1983.

  110. Fergunson NS, Bradford MMV, Gous RM. Diet selection priorities in growing pigs offered a choise of feeds. S Afr J Anim Sci 2002;32:136-143.

  111. Morrison FB. Compendio de Alimentación del Ganado.México, D.F.: Grupo Noriega Editores 1991.

  112. Flores JA, Agraz G, Abraham A. Ganado Porcino: Cría, Explotación enfermedades e industrialización. 2a ed.México, D.F.: Editorial Limusa, 1979.

  113. Burns RE. Method for estimation of tannin in sorghum.Agron J 1971;63:511-512.

  114. Sosa ME. Algunas Consideraciones Nutricionales y Químicas de Sorgos con Diferente Contenido de Taninos (tesis de maestría). Montecillo (Edo. México)México: Colegio de Postgraduados, 1984.

  115. Santiago GE. Taninos (tesis de maestria). México (D.F.)México: Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán.UNAM, 1999.

  116. Mehansho H, Clements S, Sheares BT, Smith S, Carlson DM. Induction of proline-rich glycoprotein synthesis in mouse salivary glands by isoproterenol and by tannins. J Biol Chem 1985;260: 4418-4423.

  117. Bruininx EMAM, Heetkamp MJW, van den Bogaart D,van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Beynem AC, Everts H, et al. A prolonged photoperiod improves feed intake and energy metabolism of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1736-1745.

  118. Bruininx EMAM, Binnendijk GP, van der Peet-Scwering CMC, Schrama JW, Vereijken PFG, Everts H, et al. Individually measured feed intake characteristics and growth performance of grouped-housed weanling pigs: Effects of sex, initial body weight, and body weight distribution within groups. J Anim Sci 2001;79:301-308.

  119. Bruininx EMAM, Binnendijk GP, van der Peet-Scwering CMC, Schrama JW, den Hartog LA, Everts H, et al. Effect of creep consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of grouphoused weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1413-1418.

  120. Whittemore CT, Green DM. Growth of the young weaned pig. In: Varley MA, Wiseman J, editors. The Weaner Pig Nutrition and Management. New York:CABI Publishing, 2001:1-15.




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