2006, Number 1
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Rev Mex Neuroci 2006; 7 (1)
Stress and addictive behavior
Castellanos G, Escobar A, Gómez GB
Language: Spanish
References: 115
Page: 21-29
PDF size: 182.30 Kb.
ABSTRACT
As it is well known, all living humans are subject to daily effects of stress; the stress response varies among individuals depending on the experience that has endowed each person to learn how to deal with stress. Stress relief may be obtained by procedures that lead the subject to “forget” the bad situation or to relax, for instance physical exercise, talking the problem to someone else, drinking alcoholic beverages or using drugs of abuse. Drug addiction develops in persons voluntarily seeking relief from a depressive situation, usually linked to personal catastrophic event, death of a dear family member or a valuable loss of personal belonging, or else also voluntarily aiming to a novel mood enhancing experience, in spite of being conscious of the unwanted effects – dependence – arising from repetitive drug taking, the most serious being addiction, a persistent state in which compulsive drug use escapes control. Addictive drugs besides providing a pleasant rewarding experience also generate reinforcing behaviors of the drug effects leading to tolerance, dependency compulsion, persistence, chronicity with multiple relapses and withdrawal syndrome. The compulsion and persistence are based on pathological molecular mechanisms similar to those involved in memory. Studies done both in humans and rodent models of addiction indicate that key behavior abnormalities associated with addiction are related to changes in the brain, both at molecular and cellular levels. The plastic changes in the dopaminergic VTA - NAc pathway and the interconnected structures, also include changes in the gene transcription, RNA and protein processing and in synaptic structure. All the specific changes so far identified are not sufficiently long lasting to account for the behaviors associated with addiction.
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Keek RJ, et al. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neurosci 2005; 8: 1450-7.
De Biasi M, Dani JA. Stress hormone enhances synaptic NMDA response on dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003; 39: 387-8.
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Kosten TA, Miserendino MJD, Kehoe P. Enhanced acquisition of cocaine self-administration in adult rats with neonatal isolation stress experience. Brain Res 2000; 875: 44-50.
Carelli RM, Wightman RM. Functional microcircuitry in the accumbens underlying drug addiction insights from real-time signaling during behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14: 763-8.
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Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nature Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 119-28.
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Miller NE. Central stimulation and other new approaches to motivation and reward. Amer Psychol 1958; 13: 100-8.
Bursten B, Delgado JMR. Positive reinforcement induced by intracranial stimulation in the monkey. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1958; 51: 6-10.
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Bard PA. A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Amer J Physiol 1928; 84: 490-515.
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Guillemin R, et al. b-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland. Science 1977; 197: 1367-9.
Deutch AY, Roth RH. The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system. Prog Brain Res 1990; 85: 357-93.
Hyman SE, Nestler EJ. The molecular foundations of psychiatry. Capítulo 3. Londres: American Psychiatric Press Inc; pp. 55-93.
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Robins TW, Everitt BJ. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 1999; 398: 567-70.
Iversen L. Cannabis and the brain. Brain 2003; 126: 1252-70.
Holden C. Stressed mutant mice hit the bottle. Science 2002; 296: 823-4.
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Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 55-65.
Anton B, Calva JC, Valdez A, et al. Neurobiology of addicition: neuroanatomical, neurochemical, molecular and genetic aspects of morphine and cocaine addiction. Part II. Salud Mental (Mex.) 2000; 23: 38-44.
Nestler EJ, Hope BR, Widnell KL. Drug addiction: a model for the molecular basis of neural plasticity. Neuron 1993; 11: 995-1006.
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