Castellanos G, Escobar A, Gómez GB

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 115
Paginas: 21-29
Archivo PDF: 182.30 Kb.

RESUMEN

Sin excepción, cada día, todos los seres humanos se ven afectados por las diversas modalidades de estrés. La respuesta al estrés es variable en forma individual según la experiencia de cada persona. En el intento de buscar alivio a la respuesta al estrés se recurre a diversos procedimientos que incluyen desde el ejercicio físico, hablar del problema con un conocido, ingerir bebidas alcohólicas o llegar a utilizar drogas de abuso. La adicción a drogas de abuso se inicia, por lo general, en aquellas personas que buscan voluntariamente una experiencia tanto placentera como para elevar el talante, a pesar de que estén conscientes de los indeseables efectos secundarios que conducen a la dependencia y a la conducta compulsiva de la adicción, la cual lleva al adicto a repetir la toma de la droga, fuera de todo control y, lo más grave, al riesgo duradero, permanente, de múltiples recurrencias. La conducta compulsiva, la persistencia y la recurrencia se deben a mecanismos cerebrales, cambios moleculares y estructurales, similares al substrato de la memoria. Las drogas adictivas no son solamente placenteras, sino que también generan conductas que refuerzan el efecto, y crean cronicidad con múltiples recurrencias, tolerancia, dependencia y síndrome de abstinencia. Los estudios llevados a cabo en los casos de adicción, tanto en seres humanos como en modelos animales, sobre todo en roedores, indican que las anomalías conductuales asociadas están relacionadas a cambios en el cerebro, moleculares y celulares. Los cambios en la vía dopaminérgica del área tegmental ventral al núcleo accumbens, y otras estructuras interconectadas, también incluyen cambios en la transcripción de genes, en el ARN, procesamiento de proteínas, y en la estructura sináptica. Todos lo cambios específicos hasta ahora identificados no poseen la suficiente duración para constituir evidencia firme de las conductas asociadas con la adicción.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

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47. Robins TW, Everitt BJ. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 1999; 398: 567-70.

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49. Holden C. Stressed mutant mice hit the bottle. Science 2002; 296: 823-4.

50. Engel JA, Enerbrack C, Fahlke C, et al. Serotonergic and dopaminergic involvement in ethanol intake. En: Naranjo CA, Sellers EM (Eds.). Pharmacological interventions for alcoholism. Nueva York: Springer; 1992, pp. 66-82.

51. Corrigal WA, Franklin KB, Coen KM, Clarke PB. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacol 1992; 107: 285-9.

52. Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 55-65.

53. Anton B, Calva JC, Valdez A, et al. Neurobiology of addicition: neuroanatomical, neurochemical, molecular and genetic aspects of morphine and cocaine addiction. Part II. Salud Mental (Mex.) 2000; 23: 38-44.

54. Nestler EJ, Hope BR, Widnell KL. Drug addiction: a model for the molecular basis of neural plasticity. Neuron 1993; 11: 995-1006.

56. LECTURAS SUGERIDAS

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64. American psychiatric association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4a Ed. Washington DC: Amer Psychiat Press; 1994.

65. Keek RJ, et al. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neurosci 2005; 8: 1450-7.

66. De Biasi M, Dani JA. Stress hormone enhances synaptic NMDA response on dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003; 39: 387-8.

67. Moss HB, Vanyukov M, Yao JK, Kirillova GP. Salivary cortisol responses in prepurbertal boys: the effects of parental substance abuse and association with drug use behavior during adolescence. Biol Psychiat 1999; 45: 1293-9.

68. Swan N. Exploring the role of child abuse in later drug abuse. NIDA Notes 1998; 13: 1-6.

69. Deminiere JM, Piazza PV, Guegan G, et al. Increased locomotor response to novelty and propensity to intravenous amphetamine self-administration in adult offspring of stressed mothers. Brain Res 1992; 586: 135-9.

70. Kosten TA, Miserendino MJD, Kehoe P. Enhanced acquisition of cocaine self-administration in adult rats with neonatal isolation stress experience. Brain Res 2000; 875: 44-50.

71. Carelli RM, Wightman RM. Functional microcircuitry in the accumbens underlying drug addiction insights from real-time signaling during behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14: 763-8.

72. I-han Chou, Narasimhan K. Neurobiology of addiction. Introduction. Nature Neurosci 2005; 8: 1427.

73. Nestler EJ. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nature Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 119-28.

74. Nestler EJ. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neurosci 2005; 8: 1445-9.

75. Hyman SE, Malenka RC. Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 695-703.

76. Olds J, Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of the rat brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954; 47: 419-27.

77. Miller NE. Central stimulation and other new approaches to motivation and reward. Amer Psychol 1958; 13: 100-8.

78. Bursten B, Delgado JMR. Positive reinforcement induced by intracranial stimulation in the monkey. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1958; 51: 6-10.

79. Bishop MP, Elder ST, Heath RG. Intracranial self-stimulation in man. Science 1963; 140: 394-6.

80. Bard PA. A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Amer J Physiol 1928; 84: 490-515.

81. Papez JW. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Amer Med Asoc Neurol Psychiat 1937; 38: 725-43.

82. Klüver H, Bucy PC. Psychic blindness and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkey. Amer J Physiol 1937; 119: 352-3.

83. Hess WR. Die funktionelle organization des vegativen nervensystems. Basel: Beno Schwabe and Co.; 1948.

84. Lindsley DB. Emotion. En: Stevens SS (Ed.). Handbook of experimental psychology. Nueva York: Wiley; 1951.

85. Delgado JMR. Permanent implantation of multilead electrodes in the brain. Yale J Biol Med 1952; 24: 351-8.

86. McLean PD, Delgado JMR. Electrical and chemical stimulation of frontotemporal portion of limbic system in the waking animal. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 1953; 5: 91-100.

87. Clark WG, DelGuidice (Eds.) Principles of psychopharmacology. Nueva York: Academic Press; 1970.

88. Pullman B. La biochemie electronique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1969.

89. Kuhar MJ, Pert CB, Snyder SH. Regional distribution of opiate receptor binding in monkey and human brain. Nature 1973; 245: 447-50.

90. Hiller JM, Pearson J, Simon EJ. Distribution of stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic etorphine in the human brain: predominance in the limbic system. Res Communic Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1973; 6: 1052-62.

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92. Pert CB, Snyder SH. Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 1973; 179: 1011-4.

93. Terenius L. Stereospecific interaction between narcotic analgesics and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction of rat cerebral cortex. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1973; 32: 317-20.

94. Martin WR et al. The effects of morphine and nalorphinelike drugs in the nondependent and morphine dependent chronic spinal dog. J Phamacol Exper Ther 1976; 197: 517-32.

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96. Hughes et al. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 1975; 258: 577-9.

97. Hughes J. Isolation of an endogenous compound from the brain with properties similar to morphine. Brain Res 1975; 88: 295-308.

98. Terenius L, Wahlstrom A. Search for an endogenous ligand for the opiate receptor. Acta Physiol Scand 1975; 94: 74-81.

99. Pasternak GW, Goodman R, Snyder SH. An endogenous morphine-like factor in mammalian brain. Life Sci 1975; 16: 1765-9.

100. Hughes J, Kosterlitz HW, Smith TW. The distribution of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in the brain and peripheral tissues. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 61: 639-47.

101. Li CH. Lipotropin: a new active peptide from pituitary glands. Nature 1964; 201: 924.

102. Li CH. b-endorphine: a pituitary peptide with potent morphine-like activity. Arch Biochem Biophysics 1977; 183: 592-604.

103. Simon EJ. Opiate receptors and endorphins. En: Bearn A, Choppin P (Eds.). Receptor and human diseases. Nueva York: Josiah Macy Jr Foundation; 1979.

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105. Deutch AY, Roth RH. The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system. Prog Brain Res 1990; 85: 357-93.

106. Hyman SE, Nestler EJ. The molecular foundations of psychiatry. Capítulo 3. Londres: American Psychiatric Press Inc; pp. 55-93.

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108. Robins TW, Everitt BJ. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 1999; 398: 567-70.

109. Iversen L. Cannabis and the brain. Brain 2003; 126: 1252-70.

110. Holden C. Stressed mutant mice hit the bottle. Science 2002; 296: 823-4.

111. Engel JA, Enerbrack C, Fahlke C, et al. Serotonergic and dopaminergic involvement in ethanol intake. En: Naranjo CA, Sellers EM (Eds.). Pharmacological interventions for alcoholism. Nueva York: Springer; 1992, pp. 66-82.

112. Corrigal WA, Franklin KB, Coen KM, Clarke PB. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacol 1992; 107: 285-9.

113. Laviolette SR, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from molecules to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 55-65.

114. Anton B, Calva JC, Valdez A, et al. Neurobiology of addicition: neuroanatomical, neurochemical, molecular and genetic aspects of morphine and cocaine addiction. Part II. Salud Mental (Mex.) 2000; 23: 38-44.

115. Nestler EJ, Hope BR, Widnell KL. Drug addiction: a model for the molecular basis of neural plasticity. Neuron 1993; 11: 995-1006.