2003, Number 2
<< Back Next >>
An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC 2003; 48 (2)
Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure
Alonso A
Language: Spanish
References: 35
Page: 102-113
PDF size: 62.09 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular diseases is the main cause of death worldwide. Renal patients are not an exception, because they are at a greater risk of cardiovascular disease due to a higher prevalence of known cardiovascular risk factors. Their 5-year survival is worse than that of people suffering from many types of cancer. The main cause of death among them is not renal, but cardiovascular disease. For reasons not yet clear, their prevalence of coronary artery disease and cardiac failure is approximately 40%, and left ventricular hypertrophy prevalence is approximately 75%. For patients with chronic renal failure, the mortality from cardiovascular disease is 10 to 20 times higher than that of the general population. A detailed review of the knowledge to date is presented in this paper. More research is necessary in this field to establish the relationship between risk factor and the poor outcomes in renal patients, and to assess the role of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in this population, in order to achieve a better life expectancy and to provide them with a better quality of life.
REFERENCES
World Health Report 2002. World Health Organization, 2002; 186-191.
Schoen FJ. El corazón. En: Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL. Patología estructural y funcional. 5a ed. Madrid: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana, 1995: 573-580.
Pasternak RC, Braunwald E. Infarto agudo de miocardio. En: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci As et al. Harrison, Principios de medicina interna. 13a ed. Madrid: Mc Graw Hill-Interamericana, 1994; 1229ss.
Wilson PWF, Culleton BF. Cardiovascular disease in the general population. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the United States. Am J Kindey Dis 1998; 32 (5) [suppl 3]: S56-S65.
Secretaría de Salud. Anexo estadístico, informe de gobierno [serial online] 2001. Available from URL: [http://www.salud.gob.mx]
Braunwald E. Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millenium: Triumphs, concerns and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1360-1369.
Fact book fiscal year 1996. Betesda, MD: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 1997.
Eggers PW. Health care financing review 2000; 22 (1): 1. [Serial Online] From: [URL:] http://cms.hhs.gov/review/00fall/eggers.pdf.
Coresh J, Longenecker JC, Miller III ER, Young HJ, Klag MJ. Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: S24-S30.
Huysmans K, Lins RL, Daelemans R, Zachee P, De Broe ME. Hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis in endstage renal disease. J Nephrol 1998; 11 (4): 185-195.
Nishimura M, Uzu T, Fujii T, Kuroda S, Nakamura S et al. Cardiovascular complications in patients with primary aldosteronism. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33 (2): 261-266.
Lazarus JM, Bourgoignie JJ, Buckalew VM, Greene T, Levey AS et al. Modification of diet in renal disease study group: Achievement and safety of a low blood pressure goal in chronic renal disease. Hypertension 1997; 29: 641-650.
Perna AF, Castaldo P, Ingrosso D, De Santo NG. Homocysteine, a new cardiovascular risk factor, is also a powerful uremic toxin. J Nephrol 1999; 12 (4): 230-240.
Eckardt KU. Cardiovascular consequences of renal anaemia and erythropoietin therapy. [Abstract] Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14 (5): 1317-1323.
Levin A, Ethier J, Carlisle E, Burgess E, Mendelssohn D et al. Anemia in renal insufficiency promotes left ventricular growth [Abstract]. J Am Soc Neprol 1996; 7: 1391.
He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure as a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. J Hypertens 1999; 17 (2)[suppl]: S7-S13.
Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria predicts cardiovascular events and renal insufficiency in patients with essential hypertension. [Abstract] J Hypertens 1998; 16 (9): 1325-1333.
Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: S16-S23.
Culleton BF, Wilson PWF. Cardiovascular disease: risk factors, secular trends and therapeutic guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: S5-S15.
Meyer KB, Levey AS. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: Report from the National Kidney Foundation task force on cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: S31-S42.
Parfrey PS, Foley RN. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1606-1615.
Foley RN, Culleton BF, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM et al. Cardiac disease in diabetic end-stage renal disease. [Abstract] Diabetologia 1997; 40 (11): 1307-1312.
Zanchetti A, Stella A. Cardiovascular disease and the kidney: an epidemiologic overview. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33 [suppl 1]: S1-S6.
Hannedouche T, Bouiller M, Caillard S. Absolute cardiovascular risk among nephrology patients (editorial) [Risque cardio-vasculaire absolu chez les malades en nephrologie]. [Abstract] Nephrologie 1998; 19 (4): 197-201.
United States Renal Data System: USRDS Annual Report 1997.
Anderson RJ, O’Brien M, MaWhinney S, Villanueva CB, Moritz TE et al. Renal failure predisposes patients to adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1057-1062.
Howell SJ, Sear YM, Yeates D, Goldacre M, Sear JW et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular death after elective surgery under general anaesthesia. [Abstract] Br J Anaesth 1998; 80 (1): 14-19.
Rady MY, Ryan T, Starr NJ. Early onset of acute pulmonary dysfunction after cardiovascular surgery: risk factors and clinical outcome. [Abstract] Crit Care Med 1997; 25 (11): 1831-1839.
Uzu T, Inoue T, Fujii T, Nakamura S, Inenaga T et al. Prevalence and predictors of renal artery stenosis in patients with myocardial infarction. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29 (5): 733-738.
Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar NE. Carotid arterial stiffness as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease. [Abstract] Hypertension 1998; 32 (3): 570-574.
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart-failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (10): 709.
Weber KT. Aldosterone and spironolactone in heart failure. [Editorial]. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 753.
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzime inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (3): 145.
Francis GS. ACE Inhibition in cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1.
Scribner B. Accelerated atherosclerosis in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 697-701.