medigraphic.com
ISSN 2007-8560 (Print)
Órgano Oficial de Difusión Científica de la Federación Mexicana de Colegios de Ortopedia y Traumatología, A.C. (FEMECOT)

2024, Number 1

<< Back Next >>

Ortho-tips 2024; 20 (1)

Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: literature review

Moguel-Sarlat I, Kloeppel-Angulo JR

Language: Spanish
References: 54
Page: 53-61
PDF size: 233.15 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee is a degenerative disease that can lead to subchondral collapse and end-stage osteoarthritis. It is the most common form of knee osteonecrosis and primarily affects the medial femoral condyle in women over 65 years of age; despite its prevalence, its exact etiology remains unknown. Recent findings suggest that subchondral insufficiency fractures in osteopenic bone may be a possible cause. Diagnosis is challenging due to its nonspecific presentation and lack of standardized protocols. Treatment options vary, including conservative measures and surgical treatment, focusing on joint preservation in early stages and joint replacement in late stages. A review of the published literature on spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee was carried out in the PubMed database and Google Scholar using the keywords: "spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee", collecting the publications for subsequent analysis. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, including its epidemiology, etiology, imaging studies, diagnosis and treatment options.


REFERENCES

  1. Wilson C, Marappa-Ganeshan R. Secondary Osteonecrosis of the Knee. [Updated 2022 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562286/

  2. Ahlback S, Bauer GC, Bohne WH. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1968; 11 (6): 705-733.

  3. Boontanapibul K, Steere JT, Amanatullah DF, Huddleston JI 3rd, Maloney WJ, Goodman SB. Initial presentation and progression of secondary osteonecrosis of the knee. J Arthroplasty. 2020; 35 (10): 2798-2806. Available in: Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2020.05.020

  4. Chang C, Greenspan A, Gershwin ME. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical manifestations of steroid-induced osteonecrosis. J Autoimmun. 2020; 110: 102460. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102460.

  5. Brahme SK, Fox JM, Ferkel RD, Friedman MJ, Flannigan BD, Resnick DL. Osteonecrosis of the knee after arthroscopic surgery: diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology. 1991; 178 (3): 851-853. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.178.3.1994431

  6. Zywiel MG, McGrath MS, Seyler TM, Marker DR, Bonutti PM, Mont MA. Osteonecrosis of the knee: a review of three disorders. Orthop Clin North Am. 2009; 40 (2): 193-211. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2008.10.010.

  7. Mont MA, Marker DR, Zywiel MG, Carrino JA. Osteonecrosis of the knee and related conditions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011; 19 (8): 482-494. Available in: https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201108000-00004

  8. Karim AR, Cherian JJ, Jauregui JJ, Pierce T, Mont MA. Osteonecrosis of the knee: review. Ann Transl Med. 2015; 3 (1): 6. Available in: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.11.13

  9. Sibilska A, Góralczyk A, Hermanowicz K, Malinowski K. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: what do we know so far? A literature review. Int Orthop. 2020; 44 (6): 1063-1069. Available in: Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04536-7

  10. Pape D, Seil R, Fritsch E, Rupp S, Kohn D. Prevalence of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in elderly patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002; 10 (4): 233-240. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-002-0285.

  11. Zaremski JL, Vincent KR. Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016; 15 (4): 228-229. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000271

  12. Carstensen SE, Domson GF. Patellar Osteonecrosis Following Knee Arthroscopy. Orthopedics. 2019; 42 (6): e552-e554. Available in: https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20190627-02

  13. Mears SC, McCarthy EF, Jones LC, Hungerford DS, Mont MA. Characterization and pathological characteristics of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Iowa Orthop J. 2009; 29: 38-42.

  14. Hirtler L, Lübbers A, Rath C. Vascular coverage of the anterior knee region - an anatomical study. J Anat. 2019 Aug;235(2):289-298. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13004

  15. Jones JP Jr. Alcoholism, hypercortisonism, fat embolism and osseous avascular necrosis. 1971. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001; (393): 4-12.

  16. Akamatsu Y, Mitsugi N, Hayashi T, Kobayashi H, Saito T. Low bone mineral density is associated with the onset of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Acta Orthop. 2012; 83 (3): 249-255. Available in: https://doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2012.684139

  17. Yamamoto T, Bullough PG. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: the result of subchondral insufficiency fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000; 82 (6): 858-866.

  18. Yasuda T, Ota S, Fujita S, Onishi E, Iwaki K, Yamamoto H. Association between medial meniscus extrusion and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018; 21 (12): 2104-2111.

  19. Hussain ZB, Chahla J, Mandelbaum BR, Gomoll AH, LaPrade RF. The role of meniscal tears in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: a systematic review of suspected etiology and a call to revisit nomenclature. Am J Sports Med. 2019; 47 (2): 501-507. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517743734

  20. Ecker ML, Lotke PA. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994; 2 (3): 173-178.

  21. Narváez JA, Narváez J, De Lama E, Sánchez A. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee associated with tibial plateau and femoral condyle insufficiency stress fracture. Eur Radiol. 2003; 13 (8): 1843-1848.

  22. Houpt JB, Pritzker KP, Alpert B, Greyson ND, Gross AE. Natural history of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK): a review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1983; 13 (2): 212-227.

  23. Husain R, Nesbitt J, Tank D, Verastegui MO, Gould ES, Huang M. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK): the role of MR imaging in predicting clinical outcome. J Orthop. 2020; 22: 606-611. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2020.11.014

  24. Gorbachova T, Melenevsky Y, Cohen M, Cerniglia BW. Osteochondral lesions of the knee: differentiating the most common entities at MRI. Radiographics. 2018; 38 (5): 1478-1495. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018180044

  25. Fischer W. Perspective on idiopathic subchondral, osteochondral, and chondral lesions with emphasis on the knee. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2019; 23 (5): 534-546. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693978

  26. Koshino T, Okamoto R, Takamura K, Tsuchiya K. Arthroscopy in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Orthop Clin North Am. 1979; 10 (3): 609-618.

  27. Ochi J, Nozaki T, Nimura A, Yamaguchi T, Kitamura N. Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee: review of current concepts and radiological differential diagnoses. Jpn J Radiol. 2022; 40 (5): 443-457. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-021-01224-3

  28. Ficat RP. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985; 67 (1): 3-9.

  29. Sultan AA, Cantrell WA, Chughtai M, et al. Radiographic classification systems for osteonecrosis of the knee: a review of literature. Surg Technol Int. 2017; 31: 374-378.

  30. Aglietti P, Insall JN, Buzzi R, et al. Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the knee. Aetiology, prognosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983; 65: 588-597.

  31. Nishii T, Sugano N, Miki H, Hashimoto J, Yoshikawa H. Does alendronate prevent collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head? ClinOrthop Relat Res. 2006; 443: 273-279.

  32. Yates PJ, Calder JD, Stranks GJ, Conn KS, Peppercorn D, Thomas NP. Early MRI diagnosis and non-surgical management of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Knee. 2007; 14 (2): 112-116.

  33. Hernigou J, Vertongen P, Rasschaert J, Hernigou P. Role of scaffolds, subchondral, intra-articular injections of fresh autologous bone marrow concentrate regenerative cells in treating human knee cartilage lesions: different approaches and different results. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (8): 3844. Available in: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083844

  34. Hernigou P, Gerber D, Auregan JC. Knee osteonecrosis: cell therapy with computer-assisted navigation. Surg Technol Int. 2020; 36: 281-287.

  35. Duany NG, Zywiel MG, McGrath MS, et al. Joint-preserving surgical treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010; 130 (1): 11-16. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-009-0872-2

  36. Forst J, Forst R, Heller KD, Adam G. Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the femoral condyle: causal treatment by early core decompression. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998; 117 (1-2): 18-22.

  37. Vidal RFA. Osteonecrosis del cóndilo medial de la rodilla en pacientes jóvenes. Tratamiento mediante artroscopia y osteotomía tibial. Acta Ortop Mex. 2000; 14 (3): 265-266.

  38. Akgun I, Kesmezacar H, Ogut T, Kebudi A, Kanberoglu K. Arthroscopic microfracture treatment for osteonecrosis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2005; 21 (7): 834-843.

  39. Yabumoto H, Nakagawa Y, Mukai S. Surgical technique and clinical outcomes of osteochondral autograft transplantation for large osteonecrotic lesions of the femoral condyle with residual normal cartilage: the eyeglass technique. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019; 7 (10): 2325967119872446. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119872446

  40. Hangody L, Vásárhelyi G, Hangody LR, et al. Autologous osteochondral grafting--technique and long-term results. Injury. 2008; 39 Suppl 1: S32-39.

  41. Tanaka Y, Mima H, Yonetani Y, Shiozaki Y, Nakamura N, Horibe S. Histological evaluation of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle and short-term clinical results of osteochondral autografting: a case series. Knee. 2009; 16 (2): 130-135.

  42. Cusano J, Curry EJ, Murakami AM, Li X. Fresh femoral condyle allograft transplant for knee osteonecrosis in a young, active patient. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018; 6 (9): 2325967118798355. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118798355

  43. Tírico LEP, Early SA, McCauley JC, Bugbee WD. Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: a case series. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017; 5 (10): 2325967117730540. doi: 10.1177/2325967117730540.

  44. Yang WM, Zhao CQ, Lu ZY, Yang WY, Lin DK, Cao XW. Clinical characteristics and treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of medial tibial plateau: a retrospective case study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018; 131 (21): 2544-2550.

  45. Hu D, Huang Z, Zhang W, Lin J, Li W. [Analysis of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty for patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2019; 33 (1): 13-17. Available in: https://doi.org/10.7507/1002-1892.201805127

  46. Heyse TJ, Khefacha A, Fuchs-Winkelmann S, Cartier P. UKA after spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee: a retrospective analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011; 131 (5): 613-617.

  47. Kamenaga T, Hiranaka T, Hida Y, Fujishiro T, Okamoto K. Clinical outcomes after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the knee. Acta Ortop Bras. 2021; 29 (1): 12-16. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220212901233328

  48. Goshima K, Sawaguchi T, Shigemoto K, Iwai S, Fujita K, Yamamuro Y. Open-wedge high tibial osteotomy for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial tibial plateau shows excellent clinical outcomes. J Exp Orthop. 2020; 7 (1): 14. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-020-00231-z

  49. Motohashi M, Morii T, Koshino T. Clinical course and roentgenographic changes of osteonecrosis in the femoral condyle under conservative treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991; (266): 156-61.

  50. Myers TG, Cui Q, Kuskowski M, Mihalko WM, Saleh KJ. Outcomes of total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty for secondary and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006; 88 Suppl 3: 76-82.

  51. Pareek A, Parkes CW, Bernard C, Camp CL, Saris DBF, Stuart MJ, Krych AJ. Spontaneous osteonecrosis/subchondral insufficiency fractures of the knee: high rates of conversion to surgical treatment and arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020; 102 (9): 821-829. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.19.00381.

  52. Zmerly H, Moscato M, Akkawi I, Galletti R, Di Gregori V. Treatment options for secondary osteonecrosis of the knee. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022; 14 (3): 33639. Available in: https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.33639

  53. Lotke PA, Abend JA, Ecker ML. The treatment of osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982; (171): 109-116.

  54. Juréus J, Lindstrand A, Geijer M, Robertsson O, Tägil M. The natural course of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK): a 1- to 27-year follow-up of 40 patients. Acta Orthop. 2013; 84 (4): 410-414.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com