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2021, Number 3

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Biotecnol Apl 2021; 38 (3)

Molecular mechanisms underlying Immunogenic Cell Death: Overview on damage-associated molecular patterns and the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum

de León-Esperón LM, Llorente AF, Díaz NO, Soto FC, Lanio ME, Álvarez C

Language: English
References: 114
Page: 3102-3108
PDF size: 572.13 Kb.


ABSTRACT

Therapeutic regimes aimed to increase the immunogenic potential of cancer cells making them less immunoevasive have received great attention recently. In this context, the induction of immunogenic cell death has emerged as a novel promising strategy for effective cancer therapy. ICD is hallmarked by the emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) acting as danger signals in a precise spatiotemporal configuration. The DAMPs most prominently involved in the perception of cell death as immunogenic include: surface-exposed calreticulin, extracellular ATP, extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, type I IFN, extracellular dying cell-derived nucleic acids, and extracellular Annexin A1 (ANX A1). These ICD-associated danger signals operate on a series of receptors expressed by the innate immune cells to stimulate the presentation of tumor antigens to T cells. This results in the elicitation of tumor-specific adaptive immune responses that can control tumor growth and even eradicate residual cancer cells. ICD has been found to depend on the concomitant induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Recent evidence places the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and especially, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-mediated arm of the UPR at the core of many of the scenarios where ICD occurs. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms that underlie ICD. In this review, we focus on the crucial role of DAMPs, and the importance of ER stress and ROS in regulating the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells.


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