2022, Number 1
<< Back Next >>
Rev Neurol Neurocir Psiquiat 2022; 50 (1)
Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury
Soto-Páramo DG, Pérez-Nieto OR, Deloya-Tomas E, Rayo-Rodríguez S, Castillo-Gutiérrez G, Olvera-Ramos MG, Carrión-Moya J, López-Fermín J, Zamarrón-López EI, Guerrero-Gutiérrez MA, Palomera-Gómez HG, López-Pérez J, Sánchez-Díaz JS, Gómez-González A, Martínez-Rodríguez D, Sophie , Carmona-Suazo JA
Language: Spanish
References: 65
Page: 4-15
PDF size: 334.82 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality in young people worldwide and its incidence has currently increased in older adults, constitutes a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and is considered a problem public health. A review of the most recently published literature on the pathophysiology, classification, and current treatment of TBI was conducted.
REFERENCES
van Dijck JTJM, Bartels RHMA, Lavrijsen JCM, Ribbers GM, Kompanje EJO, Peul WC; all focus group participants. The patient with severe traumatic brain injury: clinical decision-making: the first 60 min and beyond. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019; 25 (6): 622-629. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000671.
Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, Andelic N, Bell MJ, Belli A et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017; 16 (12): 987-1048. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30371-X.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geográfica e Informática (INEGI). 2015.
Rabelo NN, Rabelo NN, Machado FS, Stávale Joaquim MA, Araujo Dias LA Jr, Pereira CU. Critical analysis of sedation and analgesia in severe head trauma. Arq Bras Neurocir. 2016; 35: 135-147. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1582447
Picetti E, Pelosi P, Taccone FS, Citerio G, Mancebo J, Robba C; on the behalf of the ESICM NIC/ARF sections. VENTILatOry strategies in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: the VENTILO Survey of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Crit Care. 2020; 24 (1): 158. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02875-w.
Charry JD, Cáceres JF, Salazar AC, López LP, Solano JP. Trauma craneoencefálico. Revisión de la literatura. Rev Chil Neurocirugía. 2019; 43 (2): 177-182.
Soler Morejón CD, León Pérez D, Larrondo Muguercia H, Agustín Godoy D. Respuesta bioquímica y molecular ante el daño cerebral agudo. Rev Cub Med. 2014; 53 (1): 76-90.
Ortiz-Prado E, León AB, Unigarro L, Santillan P. Oxigenación y flujo sanguíneo cerebral, revisión comprensiva de la literatura. Brain oxygenation and cerebral blood flow, a comprehensive literature review. Rev Ecuat Neurol. 2018; 27 (1): 80-82.
Pérez-Neri I, Aguirre-Espinosa AC. Dinámica del líquido cefalorraquídeo y barrera hematoencefálica. Arch Neurocien. 2015; 20 (1): 60-64.
Rodríguez-Boto G, Rivero-Garvía M, Gutiérrez-González R, Márquez-Rivas J. Conceptos básicos sobre la fisiopatología cerebral y la monitorización de la presión intracraneal. Neurología. 2015; 30 (1): 16-22. doi: 0.1016/j.nrl.2012.09.002.
Cabrera-Rayo A, Martínez-Olazo O, Ibarra-Guillén A, Morales-Salas R, Laguna-Hernández G, Sánchez-Pompa M. Traumatismo craneoencefálico severo. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2009; 23 (2): 94-101.
Werner C, Engelhard K. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth. 2007; 99 (1): 4-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aem131.
Martin NA, Patwardhan RV, Alexander MJ, Africk CZ, Lee JH, Shalmon E et al. Characterization of cerebral hemodynamic phases following severe head trauma: hypoperfusion, hyperemia, and vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1997; 87 (1): 9-19.
Galindo-Velásquez HA, Cáñamo-Villafañe PA, Fontalvo-Mendoza MF, Florez-Perdomo WA, Vásquez-Ucros HE, Picón-Jaimes YA et al. Autorregulación cerebral: fisiología y fisiopatología esenciales para el manejo neurocrítico. Rev Arg Med. 2020; 8 (4): 305-31.
Filippidis AS, Carozza RB, Rekate HL. Aquaporins in brain edema and neuropathological conditions. Int J Mol Sci. 2016; 18 (1): 55. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010055.
Fukuda AM, Badaut J. Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2012; 9: 279. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-279.
Clément T, Rodriguez-Grande B, Badaut J. Aquaporins in brain edema. J Neurosci Res. 2020; 98 (1): 9-18. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24354.
Patel AD, Gerzanich V, Geng Z, Simard JM. Glibenclamide reduces hippocampal injury and preserves rapid spatial learning in a model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010; 69 (12): 1177-1190. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181fbf6d6.
McGinn MJ, Povlishock JT. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016; 27 (4): 397-407. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.06.002.
Mutch CA, Talbott JF, Gean A. Imaging evaluation of acute traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016; 27 (4): 409-439. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.011.
Büki A, Povlishock JT. All roads lead to disconnection?-Traumatic axonal injury revisited. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006; 148 (2): 181-193; discussion 193-194.
Sater AP, Rael LT, Tanner AH, Lieser MJ, Acuna DL, Mains CW et al. Cell death after traumatic brain injury: detrimental role of anoikis in healing. Clin Chim Acta. 2018; 482: 149-154. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.008.
Greene KA, Jacobowitz R, Marciano FF, Johnson BA, Spetzler RF, Harrington TR. Impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on outcome in nonpenetrating head injury. Part II: Relationship to clinical course and outcome variables during acute hospitalization. J Trauma. 1996; 41 (6): 964-971.
Kamins J, Giza CC. Concussion-mild traumatic brain injury: recoverable injury with potential for serious sequelae. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2016; 27 (4): 441-452. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.005.
Geeraerts T, Velly L, Abdennour L, Asehnoune K, Audibert G, Bouzat P et al. Management of severe traumatic brain injury (first 24 hours). Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2018; 37 (2): 171-186.
Edalatfar M, Piri SM, Mehrabinejad MM, Mousavi MS, Meknatkhah S, Fattahi MR et al. Biofluid biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: a systematic scoping review. Neurocrit Care. 2021; 35 (2): 559-572. doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-01173-1.
Islas ARE, Coria LGVL, Montelongo FJ, Reyes PMM, Carmona DA, Suárez SA. Medición del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico por ultrasonografía versus tomografía simple de cráneo en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico. Med Crit. 2020; 34 (4): 221-230.
Dash HH, Chavali S. Management of traumatic brain injury patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2018; 71 (1): 12-21.
Anania P, Battaglini D, Miller JP, Balestrino A, Prior A, D'Andrea A et al. Escalation therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: how long is intracranial pressure monitoring necessary? Neurosurg Rev. 2021; 44 (5): 2415-2423. doi: 10.1007/s10143-020-01438-5.
Kaloria N, Panda NB, Bhagat H, Kaloria N, Soni SL, Chauhan R et al. Pulsatility index reflects intracranial pressure better than resistive index in patients with clinical features of intracranial hypertension. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2020; 11 (1): 144-150. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3399477.
Ballesteros-Flores CG, De Jesús-Montelongo F, López-Ramírez I et al. Saturación venosa yugular de oxígeno en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico. Arch Med Urg Mex. 2011; 3 (2): 62-66.
Casault C, Couillard P, Kromm J, Rosenthal E, Kramer A, Brindley P. Multimodal brain monitoring following traumatic brain injury: A primer for intensive care practitioners. J Intensive Care Soc. 2020; 127: 232-259.
Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017; 80 (1): 6-15.
Azimi Far A, Abdoli A, Poorolajal J, Salimi R. Paracetamol, ketorolac, and morphine in post-trauma headache in emergency department: A double blind randomized clinical trial. Hong Kong J Emerg Med. 2020. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/1024907920920747
Olmos M, Varela D, Klein F. Enfoque actual de la analgesia, sedación y el delirium en Cuidados Críticos. Rev Med Clin Condes. 2019; 30 (2): 126-139.
Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46 (9): e825-e873. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299.
Young N, Rhodes JK, Mascia L, Andrews PJ. Ventilatory strategies for patients with acute brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010; 16 (1): 45-52. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833546fa.
Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, Peña A et al. Comparación de la eficacia del pentobarbital y el tiopental en el control de la hipertensión intracraneal refractaria: resultados preliminares en una serie de 20 pacientes. Neurocirugía. 2005; 16 (1): 5-13.
Pérez-Bárcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar J, Abadal JM, Raurich JM, Frontera G et al. Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008; 12 (4): R112. doi: 10.1186/cc6999.
Robba C, Poole D, McNett M, Asehnoune K, Bösel J, Bruder N et al. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute brain injury: recommendations of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine consensus. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (12): 2397-2410. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06283-0.
Zamarrón López EI, Pérez Nieto OR, Díaz Martínez MA, Sánchez Díaz JS, Orozco RS, Guerrero Gutiérrez MA et al. Secuencia de inducción rápida en paciente crítico. Acta Colomb Cuid Intensivo. 2020; 20 (1): 23-32.
Deng RM, Liu YC, Li JQ, Xu JG, Chen G. The role of carbon dioxide in acute brain injury. Med Gas Res. 2020; 10 (2): 81-84. doi: 10.4103/2045-9912.285561.
Della Torre V, Badenes R, Corradi F, Racca F, Lavinio A, Matta B et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in traumatic brain injury: how do we manage it? J Thorac Dis. 2017; 9 (12): 5368-5381.
Robba C, Galimberti S, Graziano F, Wiegers EJA, Lingsma HF, Iaquaniello C et al. Tracheostomy practice and timing in traumatic brain-injured patients: a CENTER-TBI study. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (5): 983-994. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05935-5.
Pertami SB, Sulastyawati S, Anami P. Effect of 30° head-up position on intracranial pressure change in patients with head injury in surgical ward of General Hospital of Dr. R. Soedarsono Pasuruan. PHI. 2017; 3 (3): 89-95.
Alarcon JD, Rubiano AM, Okonkwo DO, Alarcón J, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Urrútia G et al. Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 12 (12): CD009986. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009986.pub2.
Ramos VY, Bedoya OH, Gómez RMC, Corrales SH, Moscote SLR. Osmotherapy in patients with severe brain trauma. Rev Cub Med Int Emerg. 2018; 17 (Suppl: 2): 63-56.
Cook AM, Morgan Jones G, Hawryluk GWJ, Mailloux P, McLaughlin D, Papangelou A et al. Guidelines for the acute treatment of cerebral edema in neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care. 2020; 32 (3): 647-666. doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-00959-7.
Piamo MAJ, García RMA. Use of traxenamic acid in hemorrhages. Rev Cub Cir. 2018; 57 (4): 72-79.
Muñoz-Sánchez MA, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Murillo-Cabezas F. Crash 3. Un nuevo esfuerzo internacional para el manejo de la lesión cerebral hemorrágica traumática. Med Intensiva. 2012; 36 (8): 527-528.
Vlaar APJ, Dionne JC, de Bruin S, Wijnberge M, Raasveld SJ, van Baarle FEHP et al. Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: a clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47 (12): 1368-1392. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06531-x.
Stolla M, Zhang F, Meyer MR, Zhang J, Dong JF. Current state of transfusion in traumatic brain injury and associated coagulopathy. Transfusion. 2019; 59 (S2): 1522-1528. doi: 10.1111/trf.15169.
Lloyd-Donald P, Spencer W, Cheng J, Romero L, Jithoo R, Udy A et al. In adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury, does the use of norepinephrine for augmenting cerebral perfusion pressure improve neurological outcome? A systematic review. Injury. 2020; 51 (10): 2129-2134.
Raith EP, Fiorini F, Reddy U. Critical care management of adult traumatic brain injury. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2020; 21 (6): 285-292. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2020.03.012
Scrimgeour AG, Condlin ML. Nutritional treatment for traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014; 31 (11): 989-999. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.3234.
García de Lorenzo y Mateos A, Rodríguez Montes JA. Traumatismo craneoencefálico y manejo nutricional del paciente neurológico en estado crítico. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2009; 2 (2): 106-113.
Martínez CMA, Jones BRA, Gómez GA. El fisioterapeuta en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos ¿un profesional necesario? Acta Med. 2020; 18 (1): 104-105. doi: 10.35366/92016.
Kumar MA, Romero FG, Dharaneeswaran K. Early mobilization in neurocritical care patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020; 26 (2): 147-154. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000709.
Olkowski BF, Shah SO. Early mobilization in the neuro-ICU: how far can we go? Neurocrit Care. 2017; 27 (1): 141-150. doi: 10.1007/s12028-016-0338-7.
Enslin JMN, Rohlwink UK, Figaji A. Management of spasticity after traumatic brain injury in children. Front Neurol. 2020; 11: 126. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00126.
Nordon-Craft A, Moss M, Quan D, Schenkman M. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: implications for physical therapist management. Phys Ther. 2012; 92 (12): 1494-506. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110117.
Verceles AC, Wells CL, Sorkin JD, Terrin ML, Beans J, Jenkins T et al. A multimodal rehabilitation program for patients with ICU acquired weakness improves ventilator weaning and discharge home. J Crit Care. 2018; 47: 204-210. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.006.
Martin S, Kessler M. Neurological interventions for physical therapy. Neuro Interv Phys Ther. 2016; 368-394.
Rachfalska N, Putowski Z, Krzych LJ. Distant organ damage in acute brain injury. Brain Sci. 2020; 10 (12): 1019. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10121019.
Gundappa P. Extracranial complications of traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology-A review. J Neuroanaesth Crit Care. 2019; 6: 200-212. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1692883.