2000, Number 2
<< Back Next >>
Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab 2000; 47 (2)
Apoptosis in protozoa and in host cell induced by protozoa
Fernández-Presas AM
Language: Spanish
References: 68
Page: 84-93
PDF size: 110.07 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cellular death described as an essencial mechanism in normal organogenesis and tissue development, as well as in functions of cell renovation system in adult organisms. Apoptosis preserves homeostasis, keeping a strict balance between cellular proliferation and death. It is described as a generalized biological phenomenon, found in multicellular and unicellular organisms. Induction mechanisms morphological patterns, and regulating systems of apoptosis are basically the same in these organisms. Protozoa are also affected by apoptosis, but they are able to i nduce or prevent it in host cells depending on their convenience. It is interestingthat the regulation mechanisms and cellular death machinery have been preserved along evolution. This paper is a review on the phenomenon of apoptosis in protozoa and apoptosis induced by protozoa in host cells.
REFERENCES
Clarke AR. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by P53 dependent and independent pathways. Nature 1993;36:2849-2852.
Ellis HM, Horvitz HR. Mechanisms and functions of cell-death. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1991;7:663-698.
Duan G, Chinnaiyan LP, Hudson JP, Wing WW, Dixit VM. ICE-L4P3, a novel mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death, protein ced-3 is activated during Fas and tumor necrosis factor induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1996;271:1621.
White K, Grether M, Abrams J, Young L, Farrell K, Steller H. Genetic control of programmed cell death in Drosophilla. Science 1994;264:677-683.
Abrahams JM, White K, Fessler LI, Steller H. Programmed cell death during Drosophilla embryogenesis. Development 1993;117: 663-698.
Yuan AL, Cole S, Cooke CA, Neelnon WG, Earnshaw WC. Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell free mitotic extracts: A model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis. J Cell Biol 1993;123:7-22.
Goistein P, Marguet D, Depraetere V. Homology between reaper and the cell death domains of Fas TNFR1. Cell 1995;81:185-186.
Davis MC, Ward JG, Herrick, Allis D. Programmed nuclear death like degradation of specific nuclei conjugating Tetrahymena. Development Biology 1992;154:419-432.
Radchenko AI, Bien TU. An electron microscopic study of the natural death of cyst cells in Sarcosporidia. II Ultrastructural changes in the nuclei of cyst cells of Sarcocystis muris. Can Res 1995;57:2446-2451.
Welbum SC, Barcinski, Williams GT. Programmed cell death in trypanosoniatids. Parasitol Today 1997;13:22-26.
Picot SJ, Burnod VB, Bracchi B, Clumpitazi FF, Ambroise PT. Apoptosis related to chloroquine sensitivity of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91:590-591.
Zychlinsky A, Prevost MC, Samsonetti PJ. Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in infected macrophages. Nature 1992;358:167-169.
Kathryn JM, Matlashhewski G. Intracellular infection by Leishmania donovani inhibits macrophage apoptosis. J Immunol 1994:2930-2937.
Vaux DL, Haecker G, Strasser A. An evolutionary perspective on apoptosis. Cell 1994;76:777-779.
Evan G. Old cells never die, they just apoptose. Trends Cell Biol 1994;4:191-192.
Shen Y, Shenk TE. Viruses and apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1995;5:105-111.
Dosreis GA, Fonseca MEF, Lopes MF. Programmed cell death in experimental Chagas’ disease. Parasitol Today 1995;11:390.
Aissatou TB, Sarthou JL, Aribot G, Michel P, Trape JF, Rogier C, Roussilhon C. Plasmodium falciparum induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 1996;64:744-750.
Wyllie AH, Morris RG, Smith AL, Dunlop D. Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis. J Pathol 1984;142: 67-77.
Moreira CM, Del Portillo AH, Milder RV, Balanco JM, Barcinski M. Heat shock of the unicellular organism Leishmania amazonensis. J Cell Physiol 1995;167:305-313.
Mpoke S, Wolfe J. DNA digestion and chromatin condensation during nuclear death in Tetrahymena. Exp Cell Res 1996;225:357-365.
Trump BF, Berezesky IK. Calcium-mediated cell injury and cell death. FASEB J 1995;9:219-228.
Gerschenson LE, Rotello RJ. Apoptosis: A different type of cell death. FASEB J 1992;6:2450-2455.
Seebeck T, Hemphill A, Lawson D. The cytoskeleton of trypanosomes. Parasitol Today 1990;6:49-56.
Ameisen JC, ldziorek T, Billaut Mulot O, Loyens U Tissier JP, Potemtier A, Ouissi. Apoptosis in a unicellular eukaryote (Trypanosoma cruzi): Implications for the evolutionary origin and role of programmed cell death in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Cell Death and Differentiation 1995;2: 285-300.
Moazed D, Noller HT. Intermediate states in the movement of transfer RNA in the ribosome. Nature 1989;342:142-148.
Janssen GMC, Van Damme HTF, Kriek J, Amons R, Moller W. Induction of crisis forms in cultured Plasmodium falciparum with human immune serum from Sudan. J Biol Chem 1994;269:1-8.
Blumenthal T, Landers T, Landers TA, Webwr K. Bacteriophage Qb replicase contains the protein biosynthesis elongation factor EF Tu and EF Tc. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:3113-3317.
Billaut-Mulot O, Fernández-Gómez R, Loyens M, Ali Ouaissi. Trypanosoma cruzi elongation factor la: nuclear localization in parasites undergoing apoptosis. Gene 1996;174:19-26.
Billaut-Mulot O, Schoneck R, Fernández-Gómez R, Taibi A, Capron A, Pommier V, Plumas-Marty B, Loyens M, Ouissi A. Molecular an immunological characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi protein homologous to mammalian elongation 1 gamma. Biol Cell 1994;82:39-44.
McConkey DJ. Biochemical determinants of apoptosis and necrosis. Toxicology Letters 1998;157-168.
Wyllie AH. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 1980; 555-556.
Fraser A, Evan G. A license to kill. Cell 1996;85:781.
Lopes FM, Dosreis GA. Apoptosis as a cause of T-cell unresponsiveness in experimental Chagas’ disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:913-918.
Uehara T, Miyawaki T, Ohta K, Tamaru Y, Yokoy T, Nakamura S, Taniguchi N. Apoptotic cell death of primed CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in Epstein Barr virus induced infectious mononucleosis. Blood 1992;80:452-458.
Groux HG, Torpier D, Monte, Capron, Ameisen JC. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J Exp Med 1992;175:331.
Banda NK, Bernier J, Kurahara DK, Kurrle R, Hrigwood N, Sekaly RP, Finkel TH. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp 120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 1992;176:1099-1106.
Petry K, Eisen H. Chagas’ disease: A model for study of autoimmune diseases. Parasitol Today 1989;5:111.
Kierszenbaum F. On evasion of Trypanosoma cruzi from the host immune response: lymphoproliferative responses to trypanosomal antigens during acute and chronic experimental Chagas’ disease. Immunology 1981;44:641.
Akbar AN, Borthwick N, Salmon M, Gambert W, Bofill M, Shamsadeen N. The significance of low bcl-2 expression by CD45RO T cells in normal individuals and patients with acute viral infections: The role of apoptosis in T cell memory. J Exp Med 1993;178:427-438.
Smith CA, Williams RK, Jekinson, Owen JJT. Antibodies to CD3/TCR complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cell in thymic culture. Nature 1989;337:181-183.
Lenerdo MJ. Interleukin-2 programs mouse ab T lymphocytes for apoptosis. Nature 1991;353:858-861.
Ramsdell F, Seaman MS, Miller RE, Tough TW, Alderson MR, Lynch DH. gld/gld mice are unable to express a functional ligand for Fas. Eur J lmmunol 1994;928-933.
Ramos CE, Lamoyi E, Feoli M, Rodrigues M, Perez M, Ortiz-Ortiz L. Trypanosoma cruzi: Immunosuppressed response to different antigens in the infected mice. Exp Parasitol 1978;45:189-199.
Minoprio P, Itohora S, Heusser C, Tonegawa S, Coutinho A. Immunobiology of murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection: The predominance of parasite nonspecific response and the activation of TCR it cells. Immunol Rev 1989;112:184-206.
Lopes FM, Da Veiga FV, Santos FA, Evangelina NT, Dosreis GA. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in Experimental Chagas’ disease. J lmmunol 1995;744-752.
Erard F, Wild MT, Garcia-Sanz JA, LeGros GL. Switch of CD8 T cells to noncytolytic CD8-CD4 cells that make TH2 cytokines and help B cells. Science 1993;260:1802-1805.
Clement MV, Stamenkovic I. Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated cell death: Similarities and distinctions. J Exp Med 1994;180:557.
Nunes PM, Andrade RM, Lopes M, Dosreis GA. Activation-induced T cell death exacerbates Trypanosoma cruzi replication in macrophages co-cultures with CD4+ lymphocytes from infected hosts. J Immunol 1998;1319-1324.
Reed SG. In vivo administration of recombinant g-interferon induces macrophage activation and prevent acute disease, immunesupression and death in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Immunol 1987;140:4342.
Torrico FH, Heremans MT, Rivera E, Van March A, Billau, Carlier Y. Endogenous IFN-g is required for resistence to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. J lmmunol 1991;146:626.
Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, Hieney SL, Sher A. The microbicidal activity of interferon-g treated macrophages against Trypanosoma cruzi involves an L-arginine-dependent, nitrogen oxide-mediated mechanism inhabitable by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-b. Eur J lmmunol 1992;22:2501.
Muñoz-Fenández MA, Fernández MA, Fresno M. Synergism between tumor necrosis factor-a and interferon-g treated macrophage against Trypanosoma cruzi through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Eur J lmmunol 1992;22:301.
Abrahamsohon IA, Coffman RL. Cytokine and nitric oxide regulation of the immunosuppression in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Immunol 1995;155:3955.
Lopes FM. Dosreis GA. Trypanosoma cruzi-induced immunosuppresion: blockade of co-stimulatory T cell responses in infected hosts due to defective T-cell receptor-CD3 functioning. Infect lmmunol 1994;62:1484-1488.
Van Parijs L, Abbas AK. Role of Fas-mediated cell death in the regulation of immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:355.
Cheesman S, McAleese S, Goman M, Johnson D, Horrocks P, Ridley RG, Kilbey BJ. The gene encoding topoisomerase II from the Plasmodium falciparum. Nucleic Acids Res 1994;22:2547-2551.
Tosh K, Kilbey B. The gene encoding topoisomerase I from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Gene 1995;163:151-154.
Lee S, Inselburg J. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs that bind DNA or inhibits its synthesis. J Parasitol 1993;79: 780-782.
Onoshi Y, Azama Y, Sato Y, Mizuno Y, Tadakuma T, Kiazaki H. Topoisomerase inhibitors induce apoptosis in thymocytes. Biochemical Biophysical Acta 1993;1175:147-154.
Reiner NEW, McMaster RW. Parasite-accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. II Leishmania donovani suppresses macrophage expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex gene products. J Immunol 1987;138:1926.
Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnermi ES. Cpp32, novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-g3 and mammalian interleukin converting enzyme. Biol Chem 1994;269:30761.
Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry JP, Vaillancourt CK, Ding M, Gallant T, Gareau PR, Griffin M, Labelle M, Lazebnik YA, Munday N, Raju SM, Smulson ME, Yamin TTM, Yu VL, Miller DK. Identification and inhibition of the ICE/Ced3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 1995;376-378.
Teweri MI, QuanK, O’Rourke, Desnoyers Z, Zeng DR, Beidler GG, Poirer GS, Salvesen, Dixit VM. Yama/Cpp32b a mammalian homology of Ced-3 is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly (ADN-ribose) polymerase. Cell 1995; (81):801.
Fernándes-Alnemri T, Takahashi A, Armostrong R, Krebs J, Fritz L, Tomaselli KJ, Wang Z. Yu, Croce CM, Salveson G. Mcb3 a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease highly related to CPP32. Cancer Res 1995;55:6045.
Fernándes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES. Meb2, a new member of the apoptotic ced-3/ICE cysteine gene family. Cancer Res 1995;55:2737.
Darmon AJ, Nicholson DW, Bleackley RC. Activation of the apoptotic protease Cpp-32 by cytotoxic T cell derived grazyme R. Nature 1995;377:446.
Nash PB, Purner MB, Leon PR, Clarke P, Duke RC, Curiel TJ. Toxoplasma gondii-infected cells are resistant to multiple inducers of apoptosis. J lmmunol 1998;160-1824-830.