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2018, Número 4

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Biotecnol Apl 2018; 35 (4)


Péptidos antimicrobianos naturales

Vázquez A, Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 71
Paginas: 4101-4107
Archivo PDF: 508.40 Kb.


RESUMEN

La reciente aparición de un creciente número de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos convencionales se ha convertido en un problema serio para el sistema de salud mundial. Para superar esta resistencia es apremiante el desarrollo de antibióticos con nuevos mecanismos de acción. Los péptidos antimicrobianos son candidatos exitosos como nuevos agentes antimicrobianos debido a su amplio espectro de acción, alta selectividad citotóxica y su dificultad para que las bacterias desarrollen resistencia a éstos. Con esta revisión actualizada de la materia pretendemos mostrar conceptos básicos que deben ser dominados en los estudios que se realicen en el descubrimiento de nuevas moléculas de naturaleza peptídica con actividad antimicrobiana. Los péptidos antimicrobianos desempeñan una función primordial en la defensa contra patógenos bacterianos, teniendo un peso mucho mayor en aquellas especies que carecen de inmunidad adaptativa. Su función como moléculas claves de la inmunidad innata justifica su potencialidad como agentes terapéuticos antiinfecciosos. Un requisito esencial para cualquier agente de defensa del organismo o agente terapéutico es la toxicidad selectiva sobre objetivos microbianos más que sobre el hospedero, que impliquen un riesgo mínimo para este último. Sin embargo, la resistencia de los microorganismos a este tipo de compuestos debe ser cuidadosamente analizada. La búsqueda de nuevas alternativas debe estar respaldada por el conocimiento previo de los mecanismos de acción de estas biomoléculas así como los factores estructurales que determinan su efectividad. La literatura actualizada que se refiere en el artículo muestra las principales características funcionales de los péptidos antimicrobianos que determinan su actividad, profundizando además en el mecanismo de acción de los mismos. Se exponen conocimientos básicos y consideraciones sobre estas moléculas a tener en cuenta por los investigadores en el campo.


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