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ISSN 0188-9796 (Impreso)

2006, Número 3

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Rev Endocrinol Nutr 2006; 14 (3)


Condiciones metabólicas y hormonales en la menopausia

Morato HL, Malacara HJM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 112
Paginas: 149-155
Archivo PDF: 85.90 Kb.


FRAGMENTO

CAMBIOS HORMONALES EN LA MENOPAUSIA

El cese de la función ovárica es un proceso endocrino establecido genéticamente. El envejecimiento ovárico incluye tanto el cese de la función reproductiva como la producción de estrógenos, progesterona, andrógenos e inhibina afectando la retroalimentación hipotálamo-hipofisaria. La reducción de los esteroides sexuales ocasiona signos y síntomas, cambios en tejidos estrógeno-dependientes y efectos metabólicos, hematológicos y cardiovasculares. La disminución de las hormonas ováricas modifica el eje hipotálamo-hipofisario.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Wise PM, Smith MJ, Dubal DB. Neuroendocrine influences and repercussions of the menopause. Endoc Rev 1999; 20: 243-8.

  2. Velasco E, Malacara JM, Cervantes F, Díaz de León J, Dávalos G, Castillo J. Gonadotropins and prolactin serum levels during the perimenopausal period: Correlation with diverse factors. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 56-60.

  3. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. The endocrinology of the menopausal Transition: a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. J Clin Endoc Metab 1995; 80: 3537-45.

  4. Labrie F, Luu.The V, Labrie C. Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepinandroesterone. Endoc Rev 2003; 24: 152-182.

  5. Metcalf MG, Donald RA, Livesey JH. Pituitary-ovarian function in normal women during the menopausal transition. Clin Endocrinol 1981; 14: 245-255.

  6. van Zonneveld P, Scheffer GJ. Hormones and reproductive ageing. Maturitas 2001; 38: 83-94.

  7. Morato HL. Cambios endocrinos en la perimenopausia y la postmenopausia. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio. Ed. Masson-Doyma, México, 2002: 25-37.

  8. Metcalf MG, Donald RA, Livesey JH. Pituitary-ovarian function in normal women during the menopausal transition. Clin Endocrinol 1981; 14: 245-255.

  9. Buckler HM, Evans CA, Mamtora H. Gonadotropin, steroid, and inhibin levels in women with incipient ovarian failure during anovulatory and ovulatory rebound cycles. J Clin

  10. Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 116-24.

  11. Richardson SJ, Senikas V, Nelson JF. Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition: evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate JH, exhaustion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 1231-6.

  12. Huerta R, Malacara JM, Fajardo ME, Nava LE, Bocanegra A, Sánchez J. High frequency FSH and LH pulses in obese menopausal women. Endocrine 1997; 7: 281-286.

  13. Sherman BM, West JH, Korenman SG. The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle of older women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1976; 42: 629-36.

  14. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL. Prospectively measured levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol and the dimeric inhibins during the menopausal transition in population-based cohort of women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1999; 84: 4025- 30.

  15. Prior JC. Perimenopause: The complex endocrinology of the menopausal transition. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 397-428.

  16. Santoro N, Brown JR, Adel T. Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1495- 501.

  17. Bancroft J, Cawood EH. Androgens and the menopause: a study of 40-60 year old women. Clin Endoc (Oxf) 1996; 45: 577-87.

  18. Arlt W, Justl HG, Callies F. Oral dehydroepiandrosterone for adrenal androgen replacement: Pharmacokinetics and peripheral conversion to androgens and estrogens in young healthy females after dexamethasone suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1928-1934.

  19. Labrie F, Luu-The V, Labrie C. Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandroesterone. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 152-182.

  20. Arlt W. Androgen Therapy in women. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 1-11.

  21. Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1013-1020.

  22. Kawano H, Yasue H, Kitagawa A. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation improves endotelial function and insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Endoc Metab 2003; 88: 3190-3195.

  23. Kimonides VG, Khatibi NH, Svendsen CN. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S protect Hyppocampal neurons against excitatory amino-acid induced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998; 85: 1842-1867.

  24. Lovas K, Gebre-Medhin G, Trovik TS. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in eldery women and men. A randomized study Controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2243-2248.

  25. Lobo RA. Androgens in postmenopausal women: production, possible role, and replacement options. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001; 56: 361-376.

  26. Bachmann G, Bancroft J, Braunstein G. Female androgen insufficiency: The Princeton Consensus Statement on definition, classification and assessment. Fertil Steril 2002: 77: 660-665.

  27. Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 20-29.

  28. Judd HL, Lucas WE, Judd GE. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: Concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 39: 1020-1024.

  29. Urban RJ. Neuroendocrinology of aging in the male and female. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992; 21: 921-31.

  30. Katznelson L, Riskind PN, Saxe VC. Prolactin pulsatile characteristics in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1998; 83: 761-764.

  31. Valles V. Factores de Riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas. Rev Inst Nal Nutr Salvador Zubirán 1994; 5: 20.

  32. Lozano-Ascencio R, Escamilla JA, Escobedo de la Peña J, López-Cervantes M. Tendencia de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en México, de 1950 a 1985. Salud Pública Mex 1990; 32: 406.

  33. Carr MC. The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-2411.

  34. Lerman GI, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gómez-Pérez FJ. El síndrome metabólico. Posición de la Sociedad Mexicana de Nutrición y Endocrinología, sobre la definicion, fisiopatología y diagnóstico. Características del síndrome Metabólico en México. Rev Endoc Nutr 2004; 12: 109-122.

  35. Posadas RC, Yamamoto KL, Tapia CR. Epidemiología de las dislipidemias en México. En: C. Posadas R: Dislipidemias y Aterosclerosis, Edit. Interamericana, 1995: 117.

  36. Valles V. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas. Rev Inst Nal Nutr Salvador Zubirán 1994; 5: 20.

  37. Morato HL, Lerman GI. Dislipidemias en el climaterio femenino y en ancianos. En: C. Posadas R. Dislipidemias y Aterosclerosis. Ed. Interamericana, 1995: 159-170.

  38. Morato HL. Dislipidemias. Alteraciones de la coagulación. En: JM Septién G. Climaterio: Estudio, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Edit. Intersistemas México, pp.: 106-112.

  39. Posadas CR, Brito ZO. Alteraciones metabólicas en el climaterio. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio, Ed. Masson Doyma México, 2002: 101-115.

  40. Lobo RA. Effects of hormonal replacement on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1991; 73: 925-31.

  41. La Rosa JC. Metabolic effects of estrogens and progestins. Fert Ster 1994; 62 (suppl 2): S140.

  42. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199-204.

  43. Mosca L. Estrógenos y aterosclerosis. Aterosclerosis 1999; 2(1).

  44. Grobbee DE. LIFT study to continue as planned. BMJ 2005; 331: 843.

  45. Saitta A, Altavilla D, Cucinotta D. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on NO concentrations, enothelin 1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Arterioescl Throm Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1512-5.

  46. Lip GYH, Blann AD, Jones AF. Effects of HRT on hemostatic factors, lipid factors and endothelial function in women undergoing surgical menopause. Am H J 1997; 134: 764.

  47. Tonstad S, Ose L, Gorberts C. Efficacy of sequential hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia among postmenopausal women. J Int Med 1995; 238: 39.

  48. Kats RJ, Hsia J, Walker P. Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on the circadian pattern of atherotrombotic risk factors. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 876.

  49. Hernández JS, Rodríguez CS, Pérez E. Tratamiento de las alteraciones metabólicas durante el climaterio. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio. Ed. Masson- Doyma, México, 2002: 223-247.

  50. Gaspard UJ, Gottal JM, van den Brele FA. Postmenopausal changes of lipid and glucose metabolism; a review of their main aspects. Maturitas 1995; 21: 171-178.

  51. Hernández-Ono A, Monter-Carreola G, Zamora González J. Association of visceral fat with coronary risk factors in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women. Int

  52. J Obes 2002; 26: 33-9.

  53. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Rojas R, Gómez-Pérez FJ, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 76-81.

  54. Arriero PJ, Goran MI, Poehlman ET. Resting metabolic rate is lower in females compared to males. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 2514-2520.

  55. Guo SS, Zeller C, Cameron CW. Aging, body composition and lifestyle: The Fels Longitudinal Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 405-411.

  56. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women´s Health Study. Menopause 2000; 7: 96-104.

  57. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women´s Health Study. Menopause 2000; 7: 96-104.

  58. Wise PM, Smith MJ, Dubal DB. Neuroendocrine influences and repercussions of the menopause. Endoc Rev 1999; 20: 243-8.

  59. Velasco E, Malacara JM, Cervantes F, Díaz de León J, Dávalos G, Castillo J. Gonadotropins and prolactin serum levels during the perimenopausal period: Correlation with diverse factors. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 56-60.

  60. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. The endocrinology of the menopausal Transition: a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. J Clin Endoc Metab 1995; 80: 3537-45.

  61. Labrie F, Luu.The V, Labrie C. Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepinandroesterone. Endoc Rev 2003; 24: 152-182.

  62. Metcalf MG, Donald RA, Livesey JH. Pituitary-ovarian function in normal women during the menopausal transition. Clin Endocrinol 1981; 14: 245-255.

  63. van Zonneveld P, Scheffer GJ. Hormones and reproductive ageing. Maturitas 2001; 38: 83-94.

  64. Morato HL. Cambios endocrinos en la perimenopausia y la postmenopausia. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio. Ed. Masson-Doyma, México, 2002: 25-37.

  65. Metcalf MG, Donald RA, Livesey JH. Pituitary-ovarian function in normal women during the menopausal transition. Clin Endocrinol 1981; 14: 245-255.

  66. Buckler HM, Evans CA, Mamtora H. Gonadotropin, steroid, and inhibin levels in women with incipient ovarian failure during anovulatory and ovulatory rebound cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 116-24.

  67. Richardson SJ, Senikas V, Nelson JF. Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition: evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate JH, exhaustion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 1231-6.

  68. Huerta R, Malacara JM, Fajardo ME, Nava LE, Bocanegra A, Sánchez J. High frequency FSH and LH pulses in obese menopausal women. Endocrine 1997; 7: 281-286.

  69. Sherman BM, West JH, Korenman SG. The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle of older women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1976; 42: 629-36.

  70. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL. Prospectively measured levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol and the dimeric inhibins during the menopausal transition in population-based cohort of women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1999; 84: 4025- 30.

  71. Prior JC. Perimenopause: The complex endocrinology of the menopausal transition. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 397-428.

  72. Santoro N, Brown JR, Adel T. Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1495- 501.

  73. Bancroft J, Cawood EH. Androgens and the menopause: a study of 40-60 year old women. Clin Endoc (Oxf) 1996; 45: 577-87.

  74. Arlt W, Justl HG, Callies F. Oral dehydroepiandrosterone for adrenal androgen replacement: Pharmacokinetics and peripheral conversion to androgens and estrogens in young healthy females after dexamethasone suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1928-1934.

  75. Labrie F, Luu-The V, Labrie C. Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandroesterone. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 152-182.

  76. Arlt W. Androgen Therapy in women. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 1-11.

  77. Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1013-1020.

  78. Kawano H, Yasue H, Kitagawa A. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation improves endotelial function and insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Endoc Metab 2003; 88: 3190-3195.

  79. Kimonides VG, Khatibi NH, Svendsen CN. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S protect Hyppocampal neurons against excitatory amino-acid induced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998; 85: 1842-1867.

  80. Lovas K, Gebre-Medhin G, Trovik TS. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in eldery women and men. A randomized study Controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2243-2248.

  81. Lobo RA. Androgens in postmenopausal women: production, possible role, and replacement options. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001; 56: 361-376.

  82. Bachmann G, Bancroft J, Braunstein G. Female androgen insufficiency: The Princeton Consensus Statement on definition, classification and assessment. Fertil Steril 2002: 77: 660-665.

  83. Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 20-29.

  84. Judd HL, Lucas WE, Judd GE. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: Concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 39: 1020-1024.

  85. Urban RJ. Neuroendocrinology of aging in the male and female. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992; 21: 921-31.

  86. Katznelson L, Riskind PN, Saxe VC. Prolactin pulsatile characteristics in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1998; 83: 761-764.

  87. Valles V. Factores de Riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas. Rev Inst Nal Nutr Salvador Zubirán 1994; 5: 20.

  88. Lozano-Ascencio R, Escamilla JA, Escobedo de la Peña J, López-Cervantes M. Tendencia de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en México, de 1950 a 1985. Salud Pública Mex 1990; 32: 406.

  89. Carr MC. The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-2411.

  90. Lerman GI, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gómez-Pérez FJ. El síndrome metabólico. Posición de la Sociedad Mexicana de Nutrición y Endocrinología, sobre la definicion, fisiopatología y diagnóstico. Características del síndrome Metabólico en México. Rev Endoc Nutr 2004; 12: 109-122.

  91. Posadas RC, Yamamoto KL, Tapia CR. Epidemiología de las dislipidemias en México. En: C. Posadas R: Dislipidemias y Aterosclerosis, Edit. Interamericana, 1995: 117.

  92. Valles V. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas. Rev Inst Nal Nutr Salvador Zubirán 1994; 5: 20.

  93. Morato HL, Lerman GI. Dislipidemias en el climaterio femenino y en ancianos. En: C. Posadas R. Dislipidemias y Aterosclerosis. Ed. Interamericana, 1995: 159-170.

  94. Morato HL. Dislipidemias. Alteraciones de la coagulación. En: JM Septién G. Climaterio: Estudio, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Edit. Intersistemas México, pp.: 106-112.

  95. Posadas CR, Brito ZO. Alteraciones metabólicas en el climaterio. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio, Ed. Masson Doyma México, 2002: 101-115.

  96. Lobo RA. Effects of hormonal replacement on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endoc Metab 1991; 73: 925-31.

  97. La Rosa JC. Metabolic effects of estrogens and progestins. Fert Ster 1994; 62 (suppl 2): S140.

  98. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199-204.

  99. Mosca L. Estrógenos y aterosclerosis. Aterosclerosis 1999; 2(1).

  100. Grobbee DE. LIFT study to continue as planned. BMJ 2005; 331: 843.

  101. Saitta A, Altavilla D, Cucinotta D. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on NO concentrations, enothelin 1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Arterioescl Throm Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1512-5.

  102. Lip GYH, Blann AD, Jones AF. Effects of HRT on hemostatic factors, lipid factors and endothelial function in women undergoing surgical menopause. Am H J 1997; 134: 764.

  103. Tonstad S, Ose L, Gorberts C. Efficacy of sequential hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia among postmenopausal women. J Int Med 1995; 238: 39.

  104. Kats RJ, Hsia J, Walker P. Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on the circadian pattern of atherotrombotic risk factors. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 876.

  105. Hernández JS, Rodríguez CS, Pérez E. Tratamiento de las alteraciones metabólicas durante el climaterio. En: S. Carranza-Lira: Atención Integral del Climaterio. Ed. Masson- Doyma, México, 2002: 223-247.

  106. Gaspard UJ, Gottal JM, van den Brele FA. Postmenopausal changes of lipid and glucose metabolism; a review of their main aspects. Maturitas 1995; 21: 171-178.

  107. Hernández-Ono A, Monter-Carreola G, Zamora González J. Association of visceral fat with coronary risk factors in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women. Int J Obes 2002; 26: 33-9.

  108. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Rojas R, Gómez-Pérez FJ, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 76-81.

  109. Arriero PJ, Goran MI, Poehlman ET. Resting metabolic rate is lower in females compared to males. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 2514-2520.

  110. Guo SS, Zeller C, Cameron CW. Aging, body composition and lifestyle: The Fels Longitudinal Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 405-411.

  111. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women´s Health Study. Menopause 2000; 7: 96-104.

  112. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women´s Health Study. Menopause 2000; 7: 96-104.




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