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2018, Número 3

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Enf Infec Microbiol 2018; 38 (3)


Anemia hemolítica asociada a fármacos antimicrobianos

Hernández MA, Roldán TMD, Herrera AL, Martínez SLM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 43
Paginas: 81-85
Archivo PDF: 142.49 Kb.


RESUMEN

La anemia hemolítica es un efecto secundario, poco frecuente y fatal, que se puede producir por el consumo de medicamentos que causan la inmunización contra éstos y/o los glóbulos rojos. Hay más de 130 fármacos implicados, entre los que sobresalen los antibióticos, con mayor frecuencia las cefalosporinas.
Se puede manifestar con los signos y síntomas típicos de la anemia, e incluso es posible que se llegue a comprometer el estado mental. El tiempo de inicio de los síntomas varía si con anterioridad el paciente se ha expuesto al fármaco. Al tratarse de una entidad potencialmente fatal, el medicamento debe suspenderse de inmediato.
Su diagnóstico representa un reto, por lo que se debe realizar un análisis estructurado que comprenda los posibles fármacos implicados, el orden cronológico de los mismos, el cuadro clínico desarrollado por el paciente y los hallazgos de laboratorio, generalmente deben ser compatibles con una anemia normocítica normocrómica con presencia de hemoglobinuria, hiperreticulocitosis, hiperbilirrubinemia o disminución de la haptoglobina. Otros estudios que pueden ser útiles son la prueba de la antiglobulina (Coombs) y la detección de anticuerpos antifármacos. No obstante, el resultado negativo de estas pruebas no excluye el diagnóstico.


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