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Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2018, Número 6

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Rev Mex Neuroci 2018; 19 (6)


Relevancia clínica de los receptores GABAB en el tratamiento de la adicción a las drogas

Cedillo-Zavaleta LN, Ruíz-García I, Jiménez-Mejía JC, Miranda-Herrera F

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 52
Paginas: 32-42
Archivo PDF: 461.64 Kb.


RESUMEN

El ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) es el principal neurotransmisor inhibitorio del sistema nervioso central (SNC) de los mamíferos y ejerce su acción a partir de la activación de tres receptores distintos. El receptor GABAB es una heterodímero con dos subunidades de siete dominios transmembranales, caracterizado en la década de 1970, y que ha sido ampliamente estudiado con relación a diferentes tipos de enfermedades. Los receptores GABAB ejercen un efecto inhibitorio y se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en el SNC. Sin embargo, dada su implicación en el fenómeno de las adicciones, los receptores ubicados en el cuerpo de las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) han sido el centro de un gran número de investigaciones. La activación de estos receptores tiene como consecuencia la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas del ATV y, por tanto, la disminución de dopamina en el núcleo accumbens (nAcc), reconocido como el principal componente del sistema de la recompensa cerebral. Dada la complejidad de los receptores GABAB y el importante papel que podrían jugar en el fenómeno de las adicciones, en este trabajo se revisan aspectos generales sobre el GABA, tales como su descubrimiento, síntesis, receptores y vías de señalización, además de evidencias experimentales y clínicas que apoyan o limitan el uso del agonista GABAB baclofen como un tratamiento farmacológico efectivo en el tratamiento de las adicciones.


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