Salín-Pascual RJ

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 52
Paginas: 37-46
Archivo PDF: 154.99 Kb.

RESUMEN

El dolor físico crónico por enfermedad o tortura produce la pérdida del control sobre el cuerpo en general y de algunas funciones en particular en las personas que lo experimentan. Existe una relación recíproca entre poseer un cuerpo y ser el agente del movimiento y acciones del mismo. En neurofilosofía esto se denomina «sentido de agencia». En situaciones de estrés moderado el cuerpo puede perder el control de las funciones viscerales, pero sigue percibiendo el cuerpo como propio. Si el estrés es intenso, prolongado y con desesperanza, el cuerpo deja de sentirse como propio, se transforma en el enemigo, y esto se conoce como «descorporización». La estimulación magnética transcraneal de la corteza de asociación derecha parietal, occipital y temporal produce fenómenos de agencia y percepción del uno mismo, sitio del fenómeno de la descorporización. Este mismo fenómeno se presenta en personas bajo tortura crónica o violencia sexual prolongada, o con enfermedades crónicas dolorosas. Este tipo de dolor colapsa los sistemas cognitivos de primera persona y genera el fenómeno conocido como «sensación de desapropiación corporal» (SDC).

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Ataria Y. Acute peritraumatic dissociation: in favor of a phenomenological inquiry. J Trauma Dissociation. 2014;15(3):332-47.

2. Metzinger T. The myth of cognitive agency: subpersonal thinking as a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy. Front Psychol. 2013;4:931.

3. Salomon R, Noel JP, Lukowska M, Faivre N, Metzinger T, Serino A, et al. Unconscious integration of multisensory bodily inputs in the peripersonal space shapes bodily self-consciousness. Cognition. 2017; 166:174-83.

4. Metzinger T. Why are out-of-body experiences interesting for philosophers? The theoretical relevance of OBE research. Cortex. 2009; 45(2):256-8.

5. Elias GA, Bieszczad KM, Weinberger NM. Learning strategy refinement reverses early sensory cortical map expansion but not behavior: Support for a theory of directed cortical substrates of learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;126:39-55.

6. Blanke O, Mohr C, Michel CM, Pascual-Leone A, Brugger P, Seeck M, et al. Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental ownbody imagery at the temporoparietal junction. J Neurosci. 2005;25(3):550-7.

7. Giummarra MJ, Gibson SJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw JL. Central mechanisms in phantom limb perception: the past, present and future. Brain Res Rev. 2007;54(1):219-32.

8. Giummarra MJ, Gibson SJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw JL. Mechanisms underlying embodiment, disembodiment and loss of embodiment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):143-60.

9. Nickerson A, Garber B, Ahmed O, Asnaani A, Cheung J, Hofmann SG, et al. Emotional suppression in torture survivors: Relationship to posttraumatic stress symptoms and trauma-related negative affect. Psychiatry Res. 2016;242:233-9.

10. Tsur N, Defrin R, Ginzburg K. Posttraumatic stress disorder, orientation to pain, and pain perception in ex-prisoners of war who underwent torture. Psychosom Med. 2017;79(6):655-63.

11. Tsur N, Shahar G, Defrin R, Lahav Y, Ginzburg K. Torturing personification of chronic pain among torture survivors. J Psychosom Res. 2017; 99:155-61.

12. Weinberg M, Besser A, Ataria Y, Neria Y. Survivor-spouse dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Personal and dyad relationships. J Trauma Dissociation. 2016;17(4):448-59.

13. Williams ACC, Amris K. Treatment of persistent pain from torture: review and commentary. Med Confl Surviv. 2017;33(1):60-81.

14. Ataria Y. When the body becomes the enemy: Disownership toward the body. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology. 2016;23(1):15.

15. Radziwillowicz W, Lewandowska M. From traumatic events and dissociation to body image and depression symptoms - in search of self-destruction syndrome in adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychiatr Pol. 2017;51(2):283-301.

16. Baars EW, van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ER, Chu JA, Glas G, Draijer N. Predicting stabilizing treatment outcomes for complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder: an expertise-based prognostic model. J Trauma Dissociation. 2011;12(1):67-87.

17. Soffer Y, Wolf JJ, Ben-Ezra M. Correlations between psychosocial factors and psychological trauma symptoms among rescue personnel. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2011;26(3):166-9.

18. Kutcher S, Szumilas M. Distinguishing suicide attempts from nonsuicidal self-harming behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009; 48(10):1039; author reply 1039-41.

19. Schechter M, Lineberry TW. Self-harming behavior and suicidality: suicide risk assessment. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011;41(2):227-34.

20. Liljedahl SI, Helleman M, Daukantaite D, Westrin A, Westling S. A standardized crisis management model for self-harming and suicidal individuals with three or more diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder: The Brief Admission Skane randomized controlled trial protocol (BASRCT). BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):220.

21. Mansfield AJ, Bender RH, Hourani LL, Larson GE. Suicidal or self-harming ideation in military personnel transitioning to civilian life. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011;41(4):392-405.

22. Marzano L, Ciclitira K, Adler J. The impact of prison staff responses on self-harming behaviours: prisoners’ perspectives. Br J Clin Psychol. 2012; 51(1):4-18.

23. McDaid D, Tsiachristas A, Hawton K. Understanding the true economic impact of self-harming behaviour - Authors’ reply. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(12):901.

24. Tormoen AJ, Rossow I, Mork E, Mehlum L. Contact with child and adolescent psychiatric services among self-harming and suicidal adolescents in the general population: a cross sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2014;8:13.

25. Tormoen AJ, Groholt B, Haga E, Brager-Larsen A, Miller A, Walby F, et al. Feasibility of dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal and self-harming adolescents with multi-problems: training, adherence, and retention. Arch Suicide Res. 2014;18(4):432-44.

26. Thelle H. Torture in China. Torture. 2006;16(3):268-75.

27. Wang ZR. [Review on experimental studies on Yin-yang theory of traditional Chinese medicine]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi. 2005;35(1):22-4.

28. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Vol. 1. USA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

29. Larsen SE, Berenbaum H. Did the DSM-5 Improve the Traumatic Stressor Criterion?: Association of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criterion A with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. Psychopathology. 2017;50(6):373-8.

30. Buklina SB. [Pseudopolymelia and disorders of body scheme]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2008;108(1):4-11.

31. Franz EA, Fu Y, Moore M, Winter T, Mayne T, Debnath R, et al. Fooling the brain by mirroring the hand: Brain correlates of the perceptual capture of limb ownership. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2016;34(5):721-32.

32. Ramachandran VS. Consciousness and body image: lessons from phantom limbs, Capgras syndrome and pain asymbolia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998;353(1377):1851-9.

33. López-Ibor JJ, Ortiz T, López-Ibor MI. Perception, experience and body identity. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2011;39 Suppl 3:3-118.

34. First MB, Fisher CE. Body integrity identity disorder: the persistent desire to acquire a physical disability. Psychopathology. 2012;45(1):3-14.

35. Carinci AJ, Mehta P, Christo PJ. Chronic pain in torture victims. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14(2):73-9.

36. Rasmussen A, Keatley E, Paz C. Disengagement in a torture treatment program. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(12):1280.

37. Nortvedt F, Engelsrud G. “Imprisoned” in pain: analyzing personal experiences of phantom pain. Med Health Care Philos. 2014;17(4):599-608.

38. Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M. Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 2):243-58.

39. Bunning S, Blanke O. The out-of body experience: precipitating factors and neural correlates. Prog Brain Res. 2005;150:331-50.

40. Salin-Pascual RJ. La autopercepción en el caso de la parálisis del sueño: Un estado de conciencia dentro del sueño MOR. Rev Mex Neurosci. 2016;17(6):14.

41. Bourdin P, Barberia I, Oliva R, Slater M. A virtual out-of-body experience reduces fear of death. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169343.

42. Bokkon I, Mallick BN, Tuszynski JA. Near death experiences: a multidisciplinary hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:533.

43. Jalal B, Ramachandran VS. Sleep Paralysis, “The Ghostly Bedroom Intruder” and Out-of-Body Experiences: The Role of Mirror Neurons. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:92.

44. Nelson KR. Near-death experience: arising from the borderlands of consciousness in crisis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1330:111-9.

45. Smith AM, Messier C. Voluntary Out-of-Body Experience: An fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:70.

46. Smetacek V. Recalibrating sleep: is recalibration and readjustment of sense organs and brain-body connections the core function of sleep? Med Hypotheses. 2010;75(4):401-4.

47. Marleu-Ponty M. Fenomenología de la percepción. Vol. 1. México: Fondo de Cultura Económico; 1957.

48. Quigley J, Rasmussen S, McAlaney J. The Social Norms of Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviours in Scottish Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3).

49. McDermott E. Asking for help online: lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth, self-harm and articulating the ‘failed’ self. Health (London). 2015; 19(6):561-77.

50. Roen K. The body as a site of gender-related distress: ethical considerations for gender variant youth in clinical settings. J Homosex. 2016;63(3):306-22.

51. Case LK, Brang D, Landazuri R, Viswanathan P, Ramachandran VS. Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female- to-Male Transgender Individuals. Arch Sex Behav. 2017;46(5):1223-37.

52. Namba Y, Sugiyama N, Yamashita S, Tokuyama E, Hasegawa K, Kimata Y. Phantom erectile penis after sex reassignment surgery. Acta Med Okayama. 2008;62(3):213-6.