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Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía

2017, Número 2

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Arch Neurocien 2017; 22 (2)


Comunicación bidireccional de la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central y en la enfermedad de Parkinson

Gómez CM, Morales GMR

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 126
Paginas: 53-71
Archivo PDF: 629.11 Kb.


RESUMEN

La incidencia de factores ambientales puede perturbar la programación del neurodesarrollo, manifestando sus efectos dañinos en la estructura y función del cerebro. Debido a un proceso evolutivo los microorganismos intestinales guardan una relación simbiótica en los mamíferos; el intestino del recién nacido puede poblarse rápida y densamente por microorganismos que contribuyen al desarrollo de la barrera epitelial, homeostasis intestinal e inmunidad innata, esta microbiota tiene además efectos sobre la función y desarrollo de otros órganos. Durante el neurodesarrollo, el cerebro es sensible a las señales originadas por la microbiota gastrointestinal, se ha demostrado que las infecciones originadas por microorganismos en este periodo generan trastornos neurológicos como autismo y esquizofrenia. Estudios en roedores, muestran que la exposición a bifidobacterias infantis durante el neurodesarrollo ocasionan ansiedad y daño cognitivo.
La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una α-sinucleopatía que afecta el eje tracto gastrointestinal-cerebro, por lo general se presentan cambios neurodegenerativos y síntomas gastrointestinales, preceden al deterioro neuronal en esta enfermedad, y en su inicio la microbiota representa la vía de entrada de factores internos que generan la desregulación del eje cerebro-tracto gastrointestinal, la asociación entre la disbiosis intestinal y la disfunción neurológica sugiere que la modificación de la microbiota intestinal, proporcionaría una opción terapéutica en la EP.La relación entre la microbiota gastrointestinal y las señales que modula el neurodesarrollo del cerebro y la hipótesis de que el proceso patológico de la EP se inicia y extiende del tracto gastrointestinal al cerebro, es el objetivo de esta revisión.


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