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2016, Número 1

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Rev Cuba Endoc 2016; 27 (1)


El órgano adiposo, un arcoiris de regulación metabólica y endocrina

Sánchez JC, Romero CR, Muñoz LV, Rivera RA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 80
Paginas: 105-119
Archivo PDF: 335.21 Kb.


RESUMEN

Introducción: el adipocito es una célula multifuncional e interviene en la homeostasis sistémica a través de la producción de adipocinas. Con la presente revisión se pretende revisar el estado actual del conocimiento respecto al tejido adiposo, y proponer la consolidación del concepto de órgano adiposo.
Desarrollo: el tejido adiposo está constituido por diferentes tipos de adipocitos, no solamente el blanco y pardo, sino también el beige, el rosa y la célula estrellada hepática; todos ellos, además, se integran funcionalmente con células no grasas. Este hecho permite la evolución hacia el concepto de órgano adiposo, con funciones metabólicas, endocrinas y regulatorias, tanto a nivel sistémico como local en algunos órganos, como es el caso del adipocito rosa en la glándula mamaria lactante, y de la célula estrellada en el hígado. Estas funciones se ejercen a través de la producción de una gran diversidad de adipocinas, con efectos autocrinos y paracrinos complejos. La transdiferenciación entre diferentes tipos de adipocitos permite entender la importancia de la integración de las funciones en el órgano adiposo. La alteración de la homeostasis de estas células y el desequilibrio en la producción de adipocinas que ocurre como resultado de la obesidad, genera una debacle metabólica que conduce al síndrome metabólico.
Conclusiones: el concepto de órgano adiposo permite comprender integralmente la función de los adipocitos en el contexto de la regulación sistémica. La investigación sobre los diferentes tipos de adipocitos —y sobre el funcionamiento del órgano adiposo en conjunto— conducirá a un mejor entendimiento de estos procesos, tanto a nivel fisiológico, como patológico.


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