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2015, Número 1

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Med Sur 2015; 22 (1)


Neumotórax espontáneo primario, revisión de la literatura

González-Hermosillo-Cornejo D, Díaz-Girón-Gidi A, Vidal-Tamayo R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 44
Paginas: 19-26
Archivo PDF: 133.22 Kb.


RESUMEN

El neumotórax espontáneo primario es una condición médica que ocurre en pacientes sin un evento traumático precipitante y/o sin condiciones pulmonares patológicas previas, resultando la mayor parte de las veces en la ruptura de una bula subpleural. La incidencia reportada varía entre siete y 37 de cada 100,000 habitantes/año dependiendo la población estudiada. Entre los factores de riesgo se encuentran el tabaquismo, la historia familiar de neumotórax espontáneo, algunas condiciones genéticas, el síndrome de Marfán, la homocistinuria, entre otros. La presentación clínica suele ocurrir en pacientes jóvenes que cursan con disnea y dolor pleurítico de carácter súbito debido a la acumulación de aire en el espacio pleural, pudiendo convertirse en un neumotórax a tensión en 1 a 2% de los casos. La consecuencia final es la hipoxemia severa que pone en riesgo la vida del paciente de manera inmediata. El diagnóstico del neumotórax espontáneo es clínico, apoyado en diversos estudios de imagen como la radiografía simple de tórax, el ultrasonido o la tomografía computarizada. El manejo de esta condición puede ir desde la observación en la sala de urgencias hasta la toracotomía de emergencia según sea el caso y la presentación clínica. En el presente artículo nos proponemos revisar la literatura actual para resumir los últimos hallazgos fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de esta condición.


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