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ISSN 1870-2821 (Impreso)
Organo Oficial de la Asociación Mexicana de Mastología

2014, Número 3

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Rev Mex Mastol 2014; 4 (3)


Los microRNA: nuevos biomarcadores en cáncer de mama

López-Camarillo C, Fonseca-Sánchez MA, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Ruiz-García E, Guadarrama-Orozco JA, Sánchez-Forgach E, Muñoz-Gonzalez DE, Marchat LA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 44
Paginas: 100-107
Archivo PDF: 283.31 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los RNA pequeños no codificantes o microRNA (miRNA) funcionan como reguladores negativos de la expresión génica. Diversos reportes indican que la expresión de algunos miRNA se encuentra alterada en distintos tipos de cáncer, tratándose ahora de correlacionar su expresión con factores clínicos, pronósticos y la respuesta a las terapias. Los miRNA son una familia de pequeños RNA monocatenarios no codificantes de 21-25 nucleótidos que se relacionan, pero son diferentes, a los RNA interferentes. Los miRNA reprimen la expresión génica al unirse a la región 3’ no traducida (UTR, del inglés untranslated region) de un RNA mensajero (RNAm) blanco. Los miRNA son codificados en diversas regiones a lo largo de todo el genoma humano en loci que previamente se consideraban sin función. Se cree que los miRNA se originaron como una defensa del hospedero contra el material genético extraño, como los virus RNA y elementos de transposición. Estimaciones del número total de genes que codifican los miRNA en humano se calculan en más de 1,000 distintos loci. Los miRNA son sintetizados por la RNA polimerasa II, produciendo un transcrito largo precursor. Durante la transcripción se forman regiones que hacen una horquilla mediante apareamiento de secuencias complementarias, generando así un miRNA primario (pri-miRNA) bicatenario. La estructura secundaria de tallo-burbuja del pri-miRNA es reconocida y procesada por la enzima Drosha, la cual posee actividad de RNAsa tipo III, generando precursores de 70-100 nucleótidos llamados miRNA precursores (pre-miRNA). Diversos reportes muestran que la expresión diferencial de miRNA puede tener potencial valor diagnóstico y pronóstico en diversos tipos de cáncer.


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