Cruz PA, Batista OIM, Medrano ME, Ledea AA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 58
Paginas: 86-96
Archivo PDF: 412.07 Kb.

RESUMEN

La enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo afecta entre el 5-7 % de las gestaciones y figura entre las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna mundialmente. Esta enfermedad varía desde formas leves hasta preeclampsia grave/eclampsia. Aunque recientemente se ha observado un auge en las investigaciones, aún quedan muchos puntos por esclarecer, fundamentalmente en el campo de la patogenia, la profilaxis y el tratamiento. La presente revisión se basa en las más recientes evidencias disponibles sobre la enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo. Aspectos relacionados con la clasificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento específico de la hipertensión arterial en el embarazo y sus principales complicaciones se analizan en el presente artículo.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Ness RB, Roberts JM. Epidemiology of pregnancy-related hypertension. En: Lindheimer MD, Roberts JM, Cunningham FG, editores. Chesley’s hyperten--sive disorders in pregnancy. 3ra edición. California: Elsevier, 2009; p. 37-50.

2. Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Breart G, Blot P, Ioan A, Azoulay M. Frequency and perinatal conse-quences of hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp. 1986;15:57-69.

3. Sibai BM. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obs-tet Gynecol. 2002;100(2):369-77.

4. August P, Lenz T, Ales KL, Druzin ML, Edersheim TG, Hutson JM, et al. Longitudinal study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive pregnant women: Deviations related to develop-ment of superimposed preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163(5 Pt 1):1612-21.

5. Poppas A, Shroff SG, Korcarz CE, Hibbard JU, Berger DS, Lindheimer MD, et al. Serial assessment of the cardiovascular system in normal pregnancy. Role of arterial compliance and pulsatile arterial load. Circulation. 1997;95(10):2407-15.

6. Palma-Reis I, Vais A, Nelson-Piercy C, Banerjee A. Renal disease and hypertension in pregnancy. Clinic Med. 2013; 13(1):57-62.

7. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Edu-cation Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 183(1):S1-S22.

8. Davey DA, MacGillivray I. The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of preg-nancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158(4):892-8.

9. McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, De-vereaux PJ. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclamp-sia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-ana-lyses. Am Heart J. 2008;156(5):918-30.

10. 10.Lowe SA, Brown MA, Dekker GA, et al. Guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2008. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009; 49(3):242-6.

11. 11.Broekhuizen FF, Elejalde R, Hamilton PR. Early-onset preeclampsia, triploidy and fetal hydrops. J Reproduct Med. 1983; 28(3):223-6.

12. 12.Dennis AT. Management of pre-eclampsia: issues for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(9):1009-20.

13. 13.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecolo-gists practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obs-tet. 2002;77(1):67-75.

14. 14.Sibai BM, Taslimi MM, el-Nazer A, Amon E, Mabie BC, Ryan GM. Maternal-perinatal outcome asso-ciated with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets in severe pre-eclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 155(3):501-9.

15. 15.Rowe T. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008; 30(Suppl):S1-S48.

16. 16.National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. Hypertension in pregnancy. The management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guideline 107. August 2010 revised re-print January 2011 ed. London: RCOG, 2011. [Cita-do 2013 Ago 30] Available at:

17. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13098/50475/50475.pdf

18. 17.Hupuczi P, Nagy B, Sziller I, Rigo B, Hruby E, Papp Z. Characteristic laboratory changes in pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome. Hypertens Preg-nancy. 2007;26(4):389-401.

19. 18.Seely EW, Ecker J. Chronic Hypertension in Preg-nancy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):439-46.

20. 19.Lecarpentier E, Tsatsaris V. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Rev Prat. 2012;62(7):921-2, 924-5.

21. 20.Lindheimer MD, Conrad KP, Karumanchi SA. Renal physiology and disease in pregnancy. In: Alpern RJ, Hebert SC, editors. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kid-ney; Physiology and Pathophysiology, 4th ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2008. p.2339-98.

22. 21.Villar J, Carroli G, Wojdyla D, Abalos E, Giordano D, Ba’aqeel H, et al. Preeclampsia, gestational hyper-tension and intrauterine growth restriction, related or independent conditions? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(4):921-31.

23. 22.Davey DA, MacGillivray I. The classification and de-finition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158(4):892-8.

24. 23.Menzies J, Magee LA, MacNab YC, Ansermino JM, Li J, Douglas MJ, et al. Current CHS and NHBPEP criteria for severe preeclampsia do not uniformly predict adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2007;26(4):447- 62.

25. 24.Lindheimer MD, Taler SJ, Cunningham FG. Hyper-tension in pregnancy. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008; 2(6):484-94.

26. 25.Hirshfeld-Cytrin J, Lam C, Karumanchi SA, Lindhei-mer MD. Late postpartum eclampsia: examples and review. Obstet Gynecol Survey. 2006;61(7):471-80.

27. 26.Villar J, Abalos E, Nardin JM, Merialdi M, Carroli G. Strategies to prevent and treat preeclampsia. Evi-dence from randomized controlled trials. Semin Nephrol. 2004;24(6):607-15.

28. 27.Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA, PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2007;369(9575): 1791-8.

29. 28.Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Knight M, King J. Anti-platelet drugs for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its consequences: systematic review. BMJ. 2001; 322(7282):329-33.

30. 29.Rossi AC, Mullin PM. Prevention of pre-eclampsia with low-dose aspirin or vitamins C and E in women at high or low risk: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011; 158:9-16.

31. 30.Bujold E, Roberge S, Lacasse Y, Bureau M, Audibert F, Marcoux S, et al. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gyne-col. 2010;116(2Pt1):402-14.

32. 31.Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zan-chetti A, Bӧhm M, et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1281-357.

33. 32.Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali MM, Zavaleta N, et al. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:639-49.

34. 33.Poston L, Briley A, Seed P, Kelly F, Shennan A, the Vitamins in Pre-eclampsia (VIP) Trial Consortium. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367(9517):1145-54.

35. 34.Rumbold A, Crowther C, Haslam R, Dekker G, Ro-binson J. Vitamins C and E and the risks of pre-eclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(17):1796-806.

36. 35.Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, Thom EA, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ, et al. Vitamins C and E to prevent com-plications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1282-91.

37. 36.Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, Dawson A, Drife J, Garrod D, et al. Saving Mothers’ Lives: re-viewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The Eighth Report of the Con-fidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118(Suppl 1):1-203.

38. 37.Vidaeff AC, Yeomans ER. Corticosteroids for the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes,

39. and low platelets (HELLP): what evidence? Minerva Gynecol. 2007;59(2):183-90.

40. 38.Fonseca JE, Méndez F, Catano C, Arias F. Dexame-thasone treatment does not improve the outcome of women with HELLP syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(5):1591-8.

41. 39.Katz L, de Amorim MM, Figueiroa JN, Pinto e Silva JL. Postpartum dexamethasone for women with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low pla-telets (HELLP) syndrome: a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3):283.e1-8.

42. 40.Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Chou D. Magnesium sul-phate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(9):CD002960. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002960.pub2.

43. 41.The Collaborative Eclampsia Trial Group. Which an-ticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet. 1995;345:1455-63.

44. 42.Gilbert WM, Young AL, Danielson B. Pregnancy out-come in women with chronic hypertension: a po-pulation based study. J Reprod Med. 2007;52(11): 1046-51.

45. 43.von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: an updated metaregression analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002:24(12):941-5.

46. 44.Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn D, Henderson-Smart DJ. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to mo-derate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD002252. PMID: 17253478.

47. 45.Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Borghi C, Cifkova R, Ferreira R, Foidart JM, et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(24):3147-97.

48. 46.Magee LA, Sibai B, Easterling T, Walkinshaw S, Abalos E, von Dadelszen P. How to manage hyper-tension in pregnancy effectively. Br J Clin Pharma-col. 2011;72(3):394-401.

49. 47.Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during preg-nancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3): CD001449.

50. 48.Sibai BM, Mabie BC, Harvey CJ, Gonzalez AR. Pul-monary edema in severe preeclampsia-eclampsia:

51. analysis of thirty-seven consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156(5):1174-9.

52. 43.von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: an updated metaregression analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002:24(12):941-5.

53. 44.Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn D, Henderson-Smart DJ. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to mo-derate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD002252. PMID: 17253478.

54. 45.Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Borghi C, Cifkova R, Ferreira R, Foidart JM, et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during

55. Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(24):3147-97.

56. 46.Magee LA, Sibai B, Easterling T, Walkinshaw S, Abalos E, von Dadelszen P. How to manage hyper-tension in pregnancy effectively. Br J Clin Pharma-col. 2011;72(3):394-401.

57. 47.Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during preg-nancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3): CD001449.

58. 48.Sibai BM, Mabie BC, Harvey CJ, Gonzalez AR. Pul-monary edema in severe preeclampsia-eclampsia: analysis of thirty-seven consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156(5):1174-9.