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2014, Número S1

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Rev Invest Clin 2014; 66 (S1)


Avances tecnológicos en neurorrehabilitación

Gutiérrez-Martínez J, Núñez-Gaona MA, Carrillo-Mora P

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 96
Paginas: 8-23
Archivo PDF: 375.70 Kb.


RESUMEN

La rehabilitación neurológica surgió en los 60, como método formal para el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral, trauma craneoencefálico y raquimedular que desarrollan secuelas severas que afectan su capacidad motora y sensorial. Aunque el sistema nervioso central tiene mecanismos de plasticidad que favorecen la recuperación espontánea, un alto porcentaje de pacientes deben recibir terapias especializadas para recobrar la función motora, como la terapia de movimiento inducido por restricción del miembro sano o la terapia de postura erguida. La neurorrehabilitación ha sufrido cambios drásticos en las últimas dos décadas debido a la incorporación de dispositivos electrónicos computarizados y robotizados, cuyo fin es estimular los procesos de neuroplasticidad. Entre los equipos podemos mencionar aquéllos destinados a la electroterapia, los aparatos para estimulación eléctrica o estimulación magnética transcraneal, las órtesis robóticas de miembros superiores, los robots para el entrenamiento de los miembros inferiores, los sistemas para estimulación eléctrica funcional, las neuroprótesis y los sistemas de interfaz cerebro-computadora, que han provocado controversia tanto por su aplicación como por los beneficios que se han reportado en la literatura. Las tecnologías de neurorrehabilitación tienen la finalidad de aprovechar las estructuras neuro-musculares funcionales conservadas, y que éstas compensen o re-aprendan las funciones que antes hacían las zonas dañadas y así mejorar la función sensorio-motora. El propósito de este artículo es mencionar algunas aplicaciones clínicas y las ventajas que estas tecnologías ofrecen a los pacientes con lesión neuronal.


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