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2012, Número 2

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Rev Cub Gen 2012; 6 (2)


Marcadores biológicos y conductuales de la dislexia

Ramírez BY

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 81
Paginas: 9-20
Archivo PDF: 594.87 Kb.


RESUMEN

La dislexia es un trastorno crónico que se manifiesta por dificultades para aprender las habilidades lectoras a pesar de recibir una buena orientación educativa y adecuada inteligencia. Evidencias genéticas, neurofisiológicas y de neuroimágenes aportan posibles marcadores biológicos. Los últimos estudios destacan como principales genes relacionados con este trastorno al gen FOXP2 que se relaciona con la activación de regiones cerebrales del lenguaje y la lectura y a los genes DYX1C1, DCDC2 y KIAA0319, que se relacionan con el desarrollo neural de las regiones cerebrales de la lectura. Los principales marcadores cognitivos del trastorno son el bajo procesamiento fonológico y limitado reconocimiento de patrones visuales de letras y ortografía, aunque en el niño de idioma español podría ser la estrategia lexical su principal déficit. Las regiones cerebrales del sistema posterior de la lectura son consideradas críticas para identificar la dislexia; el sistema dorsal, en el procesamiento fonológico y el ventral en el reconocimiento experto de patrones visual de letras y la ortografía. La heterogeneidad del fenotipo y el genotipo permite que la genética actual identifique la susceptibilidad neurobiológica de la dislexia, pero no su diagnóstico. En el artículo se abordan los intentos de la comunidad neurocientífica por identificar marcadores biológicos y conductuales que limiten a la dislexia.


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