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2014, Número 4

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Salud Mental 2014; 37 (4)


Abortion, unwanted childbearing, and mental health

Felipe RN

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 42
Paginas: 283-291
Archivo PDF: 320.42 Kb.


RESUMEN

Una gran cantidad de literatura reporta hallazgos correlacionales de estudios realizados en países desarrollados donde el aborto es legal. Dichos estudios presentan graves problemas metodológicos y sesgos selectivos que exageran los riesgos de salud mental asociados con el aborto, mientras que minimizan los riesgos de la maternidad no deseada. Los profesionales de la salud deben ser capaces de evaluar críticamente esta literatura y tener cuidado al generalizar los hallazgos sobre el aborto provenientes de contextos diferentes en términos legales. Aspectos como las diversas características de las mujeres, y las circunstancias y razones para evitar un nacimiento, no se han incorporado adecuadamente en la teoría o la investigación que busca explicar la variación en la salud mental tras un aborto.
Las revisiones críticas han dado cuenta de que los predictores de problemas de salud mental después de un aborto o de llevar a término el embarazo son similares. Además, cuando una mujer tiene un embarazo no deseado, la probabilidad de que pueda tener problemas de salud mental tras el embarazo es similar sin importar el resultado del mismo (aborto vs. nacimiento). Los sesgos de muestreo selectivo, así como factores de riesgo comunes y confundir el aborto con un embarazo no deseado, son elementos que pueden explicar la correlación existente entre el aborto legal y los resultados negativos en la salud mental observados en la literatura de los países desarrollados.
Ahora bien, los efectos negativos documentados en embarazos y maternidad no deseados son múltiples, graves y de larga duración para la madre y el niño. Las condiciones cambiantes de la sociedad, en particular en los países en desarrollo, dan una oportunidad para corregir los sesgos y limitaciones de la investigación actual. En este sentido, son necesarios estudios de alta calidad destinados a comprender las diversas asociaciones entre los embarazos no deseados y los efectos, tanto positivos y negativos, en la salud mental. Tales estudios pueden sustentar el desarrollo de programas para reducir la maternidad no deseada y promover la salud mental pre y postembarazo para todas las mujeres, independientemente de si deciden interrumpir o no el embarazo.


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