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Órgano Oficial del Colegio Mexicano de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología Pediátrica y de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Pediatría

2013, Número 2

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Alerg Asma Inmunol Pediatr 2013; 22 (2)


Actualidades en alergia a alimentos

Huerta HRE, Huerta LJG, Ortega MJA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 48
Paginas: 43-60
Archivo PDF: 654.25 Kb.


RESUMEN

Han sido editadas más de cinco guías internacionales en alergia a alimentos con el objetivo de proporcionar herramientas al personal de salud para su óptimo diagnóstico y tratamiento. Aproximadamente de 220 a 550 millones de personas en el mundo presentan alergia a algún alimento, afectando la calidad de vida tanto en el paciente como en sus familiares. El cuadro clínico es muy variado, dependiendo del mecanismo inmunológico involucrado. Algunos pacientes tienen sensibilización a múltiples alimentos no relacionados taxonómicamente, donde la sensibilización a panalergenos juega un papel determinante. Los panalergenos son moléculas ubicuas en la naturaleza con una función esencial y cuya estructura se ha mantenido, compartiendo una elevada homología entre diferentes especies responsables de la reactividad cruzada, entre ellas están las profilinas y las proteínas de transferencia de lípidos (LTPs). El diagnóstico es clínico, pero auxiliándonos también de pruebas in vitro e in vivo para su confirmación. El tratamiento consiste en eliminar de la dieta el alimento agresor, además de otras nuevas terapias en fases clínicas y preclínicas. En pacientes menores de dos años de edad con alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca y no alimentados con leche materna, se sugiere usar fórmulas especiales. Surgirán cambios en un futuro en las recomendaciones sobre la ablactación temprana versus la tardía. Por otro lado, los cambios en nuestra forma de vida han contribuido al incremento de las enfermedades alérgicas. El estudio exhaustivo de la epigenética y la influencia prenatal en el asma y en las enfermedades alérgicas es prioritario para generar medidas de prevención, así como la colaboración entre personal de salud y las autoridades correspondientes.


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