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2013, Número 3

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Ortho-tips 2013; 9 (3)


Compromiso vertebral por osteoporosis. Un punto de vista traumatológico

Bazán PL

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 50
Paginas: 202-213
Archivo PDF: 603.20 Kb.


RESUMEN

El compromiso del cuerpo vertebral por osteoporosis es una circunstancia que ocurre en un alto porcentaje de la población adulta, siendo la causa más frecuente de dolor torácico y lumbar relacionados con caída desde la posición de pie o sentado o por algún esfuerzo. Se define a la osteoporosis como una enfermedad esquelética caracterizada por resistencia ósea disminuida que predispone al aumento del riesgo de fractura. Esta razón la determina como un serio problema de salud pública pues aumenta los costos y causa seria discapacidad y morbilidad, principalmente en la población mayor de 60 años. Las modificaciones en cuanto al diagnóstico y tratamiento, realizadas en las últimas décadas, han modificado la historia natural de la enfermedad. Para el diagnóstico general se deben utilizar la densitometría ósea y los análisis de laboratorio, y para diagnosticar las fracturas son útiles las radiografías. En algunas circunstancias se requiere realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otras patologías que aumentan la fragilidad ósea, como los tumores vertebrales; para ello se recurre a las imágenes de resonancia magnética, al centellograma y a los estudios anatomopatológicos. Su abordaje global deber ser multidisciplinario, basándose en el aumento de la prevención de la patología y sus posibles complicaciones, y utilizando medidas terapéuticas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas específicas. El rol del ortopedista es diagnosticar la fractura de osteoporosis y abordar el manejo inicial del dolor evitando la deformidad, así como el manejo del dolor residual y la planificación de prácticas terapéuticas sobre el hueso osteoporótico.


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