medigraphic.com

2005, Número 5

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Cir Cir 2005; 73 (5)


Dislipidemia del paciente críticamente enfermo

Carrillo-Esper R, Carvajal-Ramos R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 114
Paginas: 405-415
Archivo PDF: 325.89 Kb.


RESUMEN

La dislipidemia del paciente críticamente enfermo es una entidad frecuente y poco conocida. Los estados de choque, sepsis, respuesta inflamatoria sistémica de diversa etiología e isquemia-reperfusión se asocian a alteraciones en el metabolismo, composición y concentración de los lípidos plasmáticos, principalmente colesterol, lipoproteínas de alta densidad y apolipoproteína A-I, lo que resulta en incremento en el riesgo de infecciones, activación de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, disfunción orgánica múltiple y mayor mortalidad. El uso de lipoproteína de alta densidad reconstituida puede ser una alternativa terapéutica para el manejo de esta entidad.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Kwiterovich PO Jr. The metabolic pathways of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides: a current review. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:5L-10L.

  2. Blanco-Vaca F, Escola-Gil JC, Martin Campos JM, Julve J. Role of Apo A-II in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: advances in the study of an enigmatic protein. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1727-1739.

  3. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem 1983;52:223-261.

  4. Ettinger WH, Varma VK, Sorci-Thomas M, et al. Cytokine decreases apolipoproteín accumulation in medium from HEP G2 cells. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:8-13.

  5. Fraunberger P, Pilz G, Cremer P, et al. Association of serum tumor necrosis factor levels with decrease of cholesterol during septic shock. Shock 1998;10:359-363.

  6. Spriggs DR, Sherman ML, Michie H. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor administered as a 24-hour intravenous infusion. A phase I and pharmacologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;80:1039-1044.

  7. van Gameren MM, Willemse PH, Mulder NH, et al. Effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 in cancer patients: a phase I-II study. Blood 1994;84:1434-1441.

  8. Chien JY, Jerng JS, Yu Ch J, Yang P Ch. Low serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is apoor prognostic factor for severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005;1688-1693.

  9. Reuben DB, Ix JH, Greendale GA, et al. The predictive value of combined hypoalbuminemia and hypocholesterolemia in high functioning community-dwelling older persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:402-406.

  10. Noel MA, Smith TK, Ettinger WH. Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized older patients who develop hypocholesterolemia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:455-461.

  11. Iribarren C, Jacobs DR Jr, Sidney S, et al. Cohort study of total serum cholesterol and in-hospital incidence of infectious diseases. Epidemiol Infect 1998;121:335-347.

  12. Freudenberg MA, Bog-Hansen TC, Back U, et al. Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high-density lipoprotein in rats. Infect Immun 1980;28:373-380.

  13. Feingold KR, Funk JL, Moser AH, et al. Role for circulating lipoproteins in protection from endotoxin toxicity. Infect Immun 1995;63:2041-2046.

  14. Levels JHM, Abraham PR, van den Ende A, et al. Distribution and kinetics of lipoprotein-bound endotoxin. Infect Immun 2001; 68:2821-2828.

  15. Sewnath ME, Levels JHM, Oude Elferink R, et al. Endotoxin-induced mortality in bile duct-ligated rats after administration or reconstituted high-density lipoprotein. Hepatology 2000;32:1289-1299.

  16. Eggesbo JB, Lyberg T, Aspelin T, et al. Different binding of 125I-LPS to plasma proteins from persons with high or low HDL. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996;56:533-543.

  17. Ulevitch RJ, Johnston AR. The modification of biophysical and endotoxic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by serum. J Clin Invest 1998;62:1313-1324.

  18. Feingold KR, Staprans I, Memon RA, et al. Endotoxin rapidly induces changes in lipid metabolism that produces hypertriglyce-ridemia: low doses stimulate hepatic triglyceride production while high doses inhibit clearance. J Lipid Res 1992;33:1765-1776.

  19. Khovidhunkit W, Memon RA, Feingold KR, et al. Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis 2000;181(Suppl 3):S462-S472.

  20. Rosenson RS. Myocardial injury: the acute phase response and lipoprotein metabolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:933-940.

  21. Kipp HA. Variation in the cholesterol content of the serum in pneumonia. J Biol Chem 1920;44:215-237.

  22. Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, et al. Low lipid concentrations in critical illness: implications for preventing and treating endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 1996;24:584-589.

  23. Verdery RB, Goldberg AP. Hypocholesterolemia as a predictor of death: a prospective study of 224 nursing home residents. J Gerontol 1991;46:M84-M90.

  24. Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, et al. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:351-355.

  25. Weverling-Rinjsburger AW, Blauw GL, Lagaay AM, Knook DL, et al. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet 1997;350:1119-1123.

  26. Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, et al. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1563-1568.

  27. Pfohl M, Schreiber I, Liebich HM, et al. Upregulation of cholesterol synthesis after acute myocardial infarction: is cholesterol a positive acute phase reactant? Atherosclerosis 1999;142:389-393.

  28. Santamarina-Fojo S, Remaley AT, Neufeld EB, et al. Regulation and intracellular trafficking of the ABCA1 transporter. J Lipid Res 2001;42:1339-1345.

  29. Rothblat GH, de la Llera-Moya M, Atger V, et al. Cell cholesterol efflux: integration of old and new observation provides new insights. J Lipid Res 1999;40:781-796.

  30. Lagrost L, Athias A, Gambert P, et al. Comparative study of phos-pholipid transfer activities by cholesterol ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein. J Lipid Res 1994;35:825-835.

  31. Jiang XC, Bruce C, Mar J, et al. Targeted mutation of plasma phospholipid transfer protein gene markedly reduces high-density lipoprotein levels. J Clin Invest 1999;103:907-914.

  32. Stein O, Stein Y. Atheroprotective mechanisms of HDL. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:285-301.

  33. Kindy MS, de Beer MC, Yu J, et al. Expression of mouse acute-phase (SAA1.1) and constitutive (SAA4) serum amyloid A isotypes: influence on lipoprotein profiles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1543-1550.

  34. Banka CL, Yuan T, de Beer MC, et al. Serum amyloid A (SAA): influence on HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 1995;36:1058-1065.

  35. Artl A, Marsche G, Lestavel S, et al. Role of serum amyloid A during metabolism of acute-phase HDL by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:763-772.

  36. Pussinen PJ, Malle E, Metso J, et al. Acute-phase HDL in phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP)-mediated HDL conversion. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:297-305.

  37. de Beer FC, Connell PM, Yu J, et al. HDL modification by secretory phospholipase A2 promotes scavenger receptor class B type I interaction and accelerates HDL catabolism. J Lipid Res 2000;41:1849-1857.

  38. Rosenberg ME, Silkensen J. Clusterin: physiologic and pathophysiologic considerations. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995;27:633-645.

  39. Navab M, Berliner JA, Subbanagounder G, et al. HDL and the inflamatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:481-488.

  40. Pruzanski W, Stefanski E, de Beer FC, et al. Comparative analysis of lipid composition of normal and acute-phase high density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2000;41:1035-1047.

  41. Miller GJ, Miller NE. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet 1975;1:16-19.

  42. Kitamura A, Iso H, Naito Y, Iida M, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and premature heart disease in urban Japanese men. Circulation 1994;89:2533-2539.

  43. Grunfeld C, Marshall M, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH, et al. Lipoproteins inhibit macrophage activation by lipoteichoic acid. J Lipid Res 1999;40:245-252.

  44. Harris HW, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR, Rappa JH. Human very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons can protect against endotoxin-induced death in mice. J Clin Invest 1990;86:696-702.

  45. Rose JR, Mullarkey MA, Christ WJ, Hawkins LD, et al. Consequences of interaction of a lipophilic endotoxin antagonist with plasma lipoproteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:504-510.

  46. Roth RI, Levin FC, Levin J. Distribution of bacterial endotoxin in human and rabbit blood and effects of stroma-free hemoglobin. Infect Immun 1993;61:3209-3215.

  47. Wasan KM, Strobel FW, Parrott SC, Lynn M, et al. Lipoprotein distribution of a novel endotoxin antagonist, E5531, in plasma from human subjects with various lipid levels. Antimicrob Agents Cemother 1999;43:2562-2564.

  48. Emancipator K, Csako G, Elin RJ. In vitro inactivation of bacterial endotoxin by human lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Infect Immunol 1992;50:596-601.

  49. Van Oosten M, Rensen PCN, Van Amersfoort ES, Van Eck M, et al. Apolipoprotein protects against bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality: a new therapeutic approach to treta gram-negative sepsis. J Biol Chem 2001;276:8820-8824.

  50. Kirschning CJ, Au-Young J, Lamping N, Reuter D, et al. Similar organization of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) genes suggest a common gene family of lipid-binding proteins. Genomics 1997;46:416-425.

  51. Levels JH, Abraham PR, van Barreveld EP, Meijers JC, et al. Distribution and kinetics of lipoprotein-bound lipoteichoic acid. Infect Immun 2003;71:3280-3284.

  52. Wurfel MM, Kunitake ST, Lichenstein H, Kane JP, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein is carried in lipoproteins and acts as a cofactor in the neutralization of LPS. J Exp Med 1994;180:1025-1035.

  53. Levels JH, Abraham PR, van den Ende A, van Deventer SJ. Distribution and kinetics of lipoprotein-bound endotoxin. Infect Immun 2001;69:2821-2828.

  54. Hailman E, Albers J, Wolfbauer G, Tu AY, et al. Neutralization and transfer of lipopolysaccharide by phospholipids transfer protein. J Biol Chem 1996;271:12172-12178.

  55. Vesy CJ, Kitchens RL, Wolfbauer G, Albers JJ, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and phospholipids transfer protein release lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacterial membranes. Infect Immun 2000;68:2410-2417.

  56. Park CT, Wright SD. Plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is found associated with a particle containing apolipoproteína A-I, phospholipids and factor H-related proteins. J Biol Chem 1996;271:18054-18060.

  57. Vreugdenhil ACE, Snoek AM, van’t Veer C, Greve JW, et al. LPS-binding protein circulates in association with ApoB-containing lipoproteins and enhances endotoxin-LDL/VLDL interaction. J Clin Invest 2001;107:225-234.

  58. Barlage S, Frohlich D, Bottcher A, Jauhiainen M, et al. ApoE-containing high density lipoproteins and phospholipids transfer protein activity increase in patients with a systemic inflammatory response. J Lipid Res 2001;42:281-290.

  59. Kitchens RL, Thompson PA. Impact of sepsis-induced changes in plasma on LPS interactions with monocytes and plasma lipoproteins: roles of soluble CD14, LBP, and acute phase lipoproteins. J Endotoxin Res 2003;9:113-118.

  60. Levels JH, Lemaire LC, van den Ende AE, van Deventer SJ, et al. Lipid composition and lipopolysaccharide binding capacity of lipoproteins in plasma and lymph of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1647-1653.

  61. Hayat S, Raynes JG. Acute phase serum amyloid A protein increases high density lipoprotein to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and an endothelial cell line. Scand J Immunol 2000;51:141-146.

  62. Van Lenten BJ, Fogelman AM, Haberland ME, Edwards PA. The role of lipoproteins and receptor-mediated endocytosis in the transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:2704-2708.

  63. Cué JI, DiPiro JT, Brunner LJ, Doran JE, et al. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein inhibits physiologic and tumor necrosis factor responses to lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. Arch Surg 1994;129:193-197.

  64. Van Amersfoort ES, Van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J. Receptors, mediators, and mechanisms involved in bacterial sepsis and septic shock. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:379-414.

  65. Rensen PCN, Van Oosten M, Van De Bilt E, Van Eck M, et al. Human recombinant apolipoprotein E redirects lipopolysaccharide from Küpffer cells to liver parenchymal cells in rats in vivo. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2438-2445.

  66. van Leeuwen HJ, van Beek AP, Dallinga-Thie GM, van Strijp JAG, et al. The role of high density lipoprotein in sepsis. Neth J Med 2001;59:102-110.

  67. Vreugdenhil AC, Rousseau CH, Hartung T, Greve JW, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein mediates LPS detoxification by chylomicrons. J Immunol 2003;170:1399-1405.

  68. Moudry R, Spycher MO, Doran JE. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein modulates adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to human endothelial cells. Shock 1997;7:175-181.

  69. Parker TS, Levine DM, Chang JC, Laxer J, et al. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein neutralizes gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide in human whole blood. Infect Immun 1995;63:253-258.

  70. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT, Xu S, et al. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 1996;271:518-520.

  71. Pearson AM. Scavenger receptors in innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:20-28.

  72. van Leeuwen HJ, Heezius EC, Dallinga GM, van Strijp JA, et al. Lipoprotein metabolism in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1359-1366.

  73. Chenaud C, Merlani PG, Roux-Lombard P, Burger D, et al. Low apolipoprotein A-I level at intensive care unit admission and systemic inflammatory response syndrome exacerbation. Crit Care Med 2004;32:632-637.

  74. Cuschieri J, Gourlay D, García I, Jelacic S, et al. Modulation of endotoxin-induced endothelial function by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Shock 2003;20:176-182.

  75. Madan B, Ghosh B. Diferuloylmethane inhibits neutrophil infiltration and improves survival of mice in high-dose endotoxin shock. Shock 2003;19:91-96.

  76. Cockerill GW, Rye K-A, Gamble JR, Vadas MA, et al. High density lipoproteins inhibit cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1987-1994.

  77. Cockerill GW, Huehns TY, Weerasinghe A, Stocker C, et al. Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration reduces interleukin-1-induced expression of E-selectin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Circulation 2001;103:108-112.

  78. McDonald MC, Dhadly P, Cockerill G, Cuzzocrea S, et al. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein attenuates organ injury and adhesion molecule expression in a rodent model of endotoxic shock. Shock 2003;20:551-557.

  79. Cockerill GW, McDonald MC, Mota-Filipe H, Cuzzocrea S, et al. High density lipoproteins reduce organ injury and organ dysfunction in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. FASEB J 2001;15:1941-1952.

  80. Thiemermann C, Patel NS, Kvale EO, Cockerill GW, et al. High density lipoprotein (HDL) reduces renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1833-1843.

  81. Thiemermann C. Nitric oxide and septic shock. Gen Pharmacol 1997;29:159-166.

  82. Szabo C, Thiemermann C. Invited opinion: Role of nitric oxide in hemorrhagic, traumatic, and anaphylactic shock and thermal injury. Shock 1994;2:145-155.

  83. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:2002-2012.

  84. Gong M, Wilson M, Kelly T, Su W, et al. HDL-associated estradiol stimulates endothelial NO synthase and vasodilation in an SR-B1-dependent manner. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1579-1587.

  85. Moncada S, Higgs A. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide. FASEB J 1995;9:1319-1330.

  86. Hickey MJ, Sharkey KA, Sihota EG, Reinhardt PH, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice have enhanced leukocyte–endothelium interactions in endotoxemia. FASEB J 1997;11:955-964.

  87. Matsunaga T, Nakajima T, Koyama I, Hokari S, et al. Glycated high-density lipoprotein regulates reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in endothelial cells. Metabolism 2003;52:42-49.

  88. Millar CG, Thiemermann C. Carboxy-PTIO, a scavenger of nitric oxide, selectively inhibits the increase in medullary perfusion and improves renal function in endotoxemia. Shock 2002;18:64-68.

  89. Cuzzocrea S, Chatterjee PK, Mazzon E, Dugo L, et al. Role of induced nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory response after postischemic injury. Shock 2002;18:169-176.

  90. Thiemermann C. Aminoethyl-isothiourea in Gram-positive shock: an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase or a Jack-of-all-trades? Shock 2001;15:453-454.

  91. Wray GM, Millar CG, Hinds CJ, Thiemermann C. Selective inhibition of the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents the circulatory failure, but not the organ injury/dysfunction, caused by endotoxin. Shock 1998;9:329-335.

  92. Navab M, Hough GP, Stevenson LW, Drinkwater DC, et al. Monocyte migration into the subendothelial space of a coculture of adult human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1988;82:1853-1863.

  93. Rozenberg O, Rosenblat M, Coleman R, Shih DM, et al. Paraoxonase (PON1) deficiency is associated with increased macrophage oxidative stress: studies in PON1-knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34:774-784.

  94. De Geest B, Stengel D, Landeloos M, Lox M, et al. Effect of overexpression of human Apo A-I in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 apoE-deficient mice on 2 lipoprotein-associated enzymes, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase and paraoxonase. Comparison of adenovirus-mediated human Apo A-I gene transfer and human Apo A-I transgenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:E68-E75.

  95. Boisfer E, Stengel D, Pastier D, Laplaud PM, et al. Antioxidant properties of HDL in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoproteína A-II. J Lipid Res 2002;43:732-741.

  96. Tward A, Xia YR, Wang XP, Shi YS, et al. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice. Circulation 2002;106:484-490.

  97. Mackness MI, Durrington PN, Mackness B. How high-density lipoprotein protects against the effects of lipid peroxidation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000;11:383-388.

  98. Aviram M, Billecke S, Sorenson R, Bisgaier C, et al. Paraoxonase active site required for protection against LDL oxidation involves its free sulfhydryl group and is different from that required for its arylesterase/paraoxonase activities: selective action of human paraoxonase allozymes Q and R. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1617-1624.

  99. Navab M, Berliner JA, Watson AD, Hama SY, et al. The Yin and Yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:831-842.

  100. Aviram M, Hardak E, Vaya J, Mahmood S, et al. Human serum paraoxonases (PON1) Q and R selectively decrease lipid peroxides in human coronary and carotid atherosclerotic lesions: PON1 esterase and peroxidase-like activities. Circulation 2000;101:2510-2517.

  101. Ahmed Z, Ravandi A, Maguire GF, Emili A, et al. Multiple substrates for paraoxonase-1 during oxidation of phosphatidylcholine by peroxynitrite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;290:391-396.

  102. Kugiyama K, Kerns SA, Morrisett JD, Roberts R, et al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature 1990;344:160-162.

  103. Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR, Nacab M, et al. Mice lacking serum para-oxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 1998;394:284-287.

  104. Imaizumi TA, Stafforini DM, Yamada Y, McIntyre TM, et al. Platelet-activating factor: a mediator for clinicians. J Intern Med 1995;238:5-20.

  105. Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17895-17898.

  106. Steinbrecher UP, Pritchard PH. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine during LDL oxidation is mediated by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res 1989;30:305-315.

  107. Wray GM, Foster SJ, Hinds CJ, Thiemermann C. A cell wall component from pathogenic and non-pathogenic gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan) synergises with endotoxin to cause the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide production, shock, and multiple organ injury/dysfuncyion in the rat. Shock 2001; 15:135-142.

  108. Natanson C, Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, et al. Role of endotoxemia in cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality—Escherichia coli and S. aureus challenges in a canine model of human septic shock. J Clin Invest 1989;83:243-251.

  109. Kengatharan M, de Kimpe S, Robson C, Foster SJ, et al. Mechanisms of gram-positive shock: identification of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid moieties essential in the induction of nitric oxide synthase, shock, and multiple organ failure. J Exp Med 1998;188:305-315.

  110. Levine DM, Parker TS, Donnelly TM, Walsh WM, et al. In vivo protection against endotoxin by plasma high density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:12040-12044.

  111. Pajkrt D, Doran JE, Koster F, Lerch PG, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein during human endotoxemia. J Exp Med 1997;184:1601-1608.

  112. Netea MG, Curfs JH, Demacker PN, Meis JF, et al. Infusions of lipoproteins into volunteers enhances the growth of Candida albicans. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1148-1151.

  113. DiPiro JT, Cue JI, Richards CS, Hawkins ML, et al. Pharmacokinetics of reconstituted human high-density lipoprotein in pigs after hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1996;24:440-444.

  114. Vanni HE, Gordon BR, Levine DM, Sloan BJ, et al. Cholesterol and interleukin-6 concentrations relate to outcomes in burn-injured patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003;24:133-141.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com