medigraphic.com
Academia Mexicana de Neurología, A.C.

2010, Número 3

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Rev Mex Neuroci 2010; 11 (3)


Síndromes neurológicos paraneoplásicos (Parte II): Sistema Nervioso Periférico y Autonómico

Cacho DB, Estañol VB

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 143
Paginas: 226-233
Archivo PDF: 72.87 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los Síndromes Neurológicos Paraneoplásicos (SxNP) del sistema Nervioso Periférico (SxNP–SNP) incluyen trastornos de las raíces, plexos, nervios periféricos, unión neuromuscular y músculo. Los SxNP del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo (SxNP–SA) incluyen trastornos de inervación simpática o parasimpática, en especial del tubo digestivo y sistema cardiovascular, todas asociadas con neoplasia y/o anticuerpos antionconeuronales. Los SxNP SNP más comunes son la Neuronopatía Sensitiva Paraneoplásica (NSP) y el Síndrome Miasteniforme de Lambert-Eaton (SLE). La NSP precede hasta en 50-74% de las veces a una panencefalomielitis y frecuentemente tiene anticuerpos anti-Hu asociados con carcinoma de células pequeñas de pulmón. Por otra parte, desde su descripción el SLE se considera como uno de los SxNP más clásicos. Se caracteriza por falla presináptica producida por anticuerpos anti canales de calcio voltaje dependiente tipo V/Q necesarios para la liberación de acetilcolina, y se asocia a neoplasia en 40-60%. En esta revisión se describen en detalle los SxNPx del sistema nervioso periférico y autónomo.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. McLeod JG. Paraneoplastic neuropathies. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK (Eds). Peripheral neuropathy. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993; 2: 1583-90.

  2. Antoine JC, Absi LPD, Honnorat JMD, et al. Antiamphiphysin Ant bodies Are Associated With Various Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Tumors. Arch Neurol 1999; 56:172-7.

  3. Lipton RB, Galer BS, Dutcher JP, et al. Large and small fibre sensory dysfunction in patients with cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 706-9.

  4. Denny-Brown D. Primary sensory neuropathy with muscular changes associated with carcinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1948; 11: 73-87.

  5. Wanschitz J, Hainefellner JA, Kristoferitsch W, Drlicek M, Budka H. Ganglionitis in paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy: a morphologic study. Neurology 1997; 49: 1156-9.

  6. Rosseasu A, Benyahia B, Dalmau J, et al. T cell response to Hu-D peptides in patients with anti-Hu syndrome. J Neurooncol 2005; 71: 231-6

  7. Graus F, Cordon CC, Posner JB. Neuronal antinuclear antibody in sensory neuronopathy from lung cancer. Neurology 1985; 35: 538-43.

  8. Falah M, Schiff D, Burns TM. Neuromuscular complications of cancer diagnosis and treatment. J Support Oncol 2005; 3: 271-82.

  9. Chalk CH, Windebank AJ, Kimmel DW, et al. The distinctive clinical features of praneoplastic sensory neuronopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 1992; 19: 346-51

  10. Camdessanché JP, Antoine JC, Honnorat J, et al. Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. Brain 2002;125: 166-75.

  11. Wen PY, Schiff D. Neurologic Complications of Solid Tumors. Neurol Clin N Am 2003; 21: 107-40.

  12. Briemberg HR, Amato AA. Neuromuscular complications of cancer. Neurol Clin N Am 2003; 21: 141-65.

  13. Antoine JC, Camdessanché JP. Peripheral nervous system involvement in patients with cancer. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 75-86.

  14. Voltz R. Paraneoplastic Neurological syndromes: an update on diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1: 294-305.

  15. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld M. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. In: Abeloff M, et al. Abeloff´s Clinical Oncology. 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Elservier; 2008, p. 993-1006.

  16. Bataller L, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic Disorders of the Central Nervous System: Update on Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment. Semin Neurol 2004; 24(4): 461-71.

  17. Bataller L, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes: Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment. Semin Neurol 2003; 23(2): 215-24.

  18. Rees JH. Paraneoplastic Syndromes: When to suspect, how to confirm, and how to manage. J Neurol Neurosurg Pshychiatry 2004; 75: ii43-50.

  19. Bataller L, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes. Neurol Clin N Am 2003; 21: 221-47.

  20. Oh SJ, Gürtekin Y, Dropcho EJ, et al. Anti-Hu antibody neuropathy: a clinical, electrophysiological and pathological study. Clin Neurophys 2005; 116: 28-34.

  21. Vernino S. Paraneoplastic Disorders Affecting The Neuromuscular Junction or Anterior Horn Cell. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2009; 15(1):132- 46.

  22. Floyd S, Butler MH, Cremona O, David C, et al. Expression of Amphiphysin I, an Autoantigen of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes in Breast Cancer. Molecular Medicine 1998; 4: 29-39.

  23. Honnorat J, Cartalat CS. Advances in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Oncol 16: 614-20.

  24. Honnorat J, Byk T, Kusters I, et al. Ulip/SCRMP proteins are recognized by autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 4226-32

  25. Pittock SJ, Kryzer TJ, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic antibodies coexist and predict cancer, not neurological syndrome. Ann Neurology 2004; 56(5): 715-9.

  26. Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic Autoant bodies: The case of a descriptive generic nomenclature. Neurology 1994; 44: 2236-40.

  27. Dalmau J, Posner JB. Neurologic paraneoplastic antibodies (anti-Yo; anti- HU; anti-Ri) Neurology 1994; 44: 2241-6.

  28. Dalmau J, Furneaux HM, Cordon CC, Posner JB. The expression of the Hu (paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy) antigen in human normal and tumor tissues. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 881-6.

  29. Dalmau J, Graus F, Rosenblum MK, Posner JB. Anti-HU-Associated Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis/Sensory Neuronopathy. Medicine 1992; 71: 59-72.

  30. Rudnicki SA, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the spinal cord, nerve and muscle. Muscle and Nerve 2000; 23: 1800-18.

  31. Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoant bodies. Neurology 1998; 50: 652-7.

  32. Kuntzer T, Antoine JC, Steck AJ. Clinical features and pathophysiological basis of sensory neuronopathies. Muscle Nerve 2004; 30: 255-68.

  33. Graus F, Dalmau J, Reñe R, et al. Anti-Hu antibodies in patients with smallcell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15(8): 2866-72.

  34. Graus F, Keime GF, Reñe R, et al. Anti-Hu- associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis:analysis of 200 patients. Brain 2001; 124:1138-48.

  35. Graus F, Bonaventura I. Uchuya M,et al. Indolent anti-HU- associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. Neurology 1994; 44: 2258-61.

  36. Elrington GM, Murray NMF, Spiro SG, Newsom-Davis J. Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with small cell lung cáncer. A prospective survey of 150 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 764-7.

  37. Darnell RB, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving The Nervous System. N Engl J Med 2003; 16: 1543-54.

  38. Anderson NE, Rosenblumm MK, Graus F, et al. Autoantibodies in paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small-cell lung cancer. Neurology 1988; 38: 1391-8.

  39. Graus F, Dalmau J, Valldeoriola F, et al. Immunological characterization of a neuronal antibody (anti-Tr) associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and Hodgkin’s disease. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 74: 55-61.

  40. Yagi Y, Inuzaka T, Takada K, et al. Changes in Anti-HuD Antibody Titers in the Long-Term course in paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. Eur Neurol 1997; 37: 122-3.

  41. Dalmau J. Furneaux HM, Gralla RJ, et al. Detection of the Anti-Hu Antibody in the serum of Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Quantitative Western Blot Analysis. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 544-52.

  42. Lladó A, Mannucci P, Capentier AF, et al. Value of HU antibody determinations in the follow-up of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurology 2004; 63:1947-9.

  43. Sghirlanzoni A, Pareyson D, Lauria G. Sensory neuron disease. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 349-61.

  44. England JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. Lancet 2004; 363: 2151-61.

  45. Stübgen P. Neuromuscular disorders in systemic malignancy and it’s treatment. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 636-48.

  46. Plotkin SR, Wen PY. Neurologic Complications on Cancer Therapy. Neurol. Clin N Am 2003; 21: 279-318.

  47. Graus F, Delaterre J Y, Antoine JC, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes J Neurol Neurosutg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1135-40.

  48. Dropcho EJ. Remote Neurologic Manifestations of Cancer 2002; 20(1): 85-122.

  49. Pascuzzi RM. Peripheral neuropathy. Med Clin N Am 2009; 93: 317-42.

  50. Oki Y, Koike H, Iijima M, et al. Ataxic vs. painful form of paraneoplastic neuropathy. Neurology 2007; 69: 564-72.

  51. Mauermann ML, Burns TM. Pearls and Oysters: Evaluation of peripheral neuropathies. Neurology 2009; 72: e28-e31.

  52. Antoine JC, Mosnier JF, Absi L, et al. Carcinoma associated paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies in patients with and without anti-onconeural ant bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1999; 67: 7-14.

  53. Rees JH, Hain SF, Johnson MR, et al. The role of [18F] fluoro-2 deoxyglucose- PET scanning in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Brain 2001; 2(11): 2223-31.

  54. Sutton I. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 2002; 15: 685-90.

  55. Recht L, Mrugala M. Neurologic complications of hematologic neoplasms. Neurol Clin N Am 2003; 21: 87-105.

  56. Rubio NE, Marey LJ, Torres CJO, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome and Hodgkin´s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 343-50.

  57. Sacco E, Pinto F, Sasso F, et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with urological malignancies. Urol Int 2009; 83: 1-11.

  58. Minisini AM, Pauletto G, Bergonzi P, Fasola G. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 105: 133-8.

  59. Bladé J, Rosiñol L. Complications of Multiple Myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2007; 21: 1231-46.

  60. Antoine JC, Honnorat J, Camdessanché JP, et al. Paraneoplastic Anti-CV2 Antibodies React with Peripheral Nerve and Are Associated with a Mixed Axonal and Demyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2001; 49(2): 214-21.

  61. Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, et al. CRMP-5 Neuronal Autoantibody: Marker of Lung Cancer and Thymoma-Related Autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 146-54.

  62. Vernino S, Wolfe GI. Antibody testing in peripheral neuropathies. Neurol Clin 2007; 25: 29-46.

  63. Somonelli M, Banna GL, Santoro A. Thymoma associated with myasthenia and autonomic anti-Hu paraneoplastic neuropathy- Tumori 2009; 95: 243-47.

  64. Pleasure D. Keeping “Trk” of paraneoplastic syndromes. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1508-9.

  65. McNamara B, Boniface SJ, Ray J, et al. Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy and Purkinje cell antibodies. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22(10): 1466-7.

  66. Voltz R. Can Antibodies in Serum Predict the Presence of Microscopic Tumors? Neurology 2007; 68: 887-8.

  67. Tan KM, Lennon VA, Klein CJ, et al. Clinical spectrum of voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity. Neurology 2008; 70: 1883-90.

  68. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Parisi JE, et al. Amphipysin autoimmunity: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 96-107.

  69. Oh SJ, Slaughter R, Harrell L. Paraneoplastic vasculitic neuropathy: a treatable neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 152-6.

  70. Bataller L, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic disorders of the nervous system. Continuum lifelong learning in neurology 2005; 11: 69-92.

  71. Pastores SM, Voigt LP. Acute respiratory failure in patients with cancer: diagnostic and management strategies. Crit Care Clin 2010; 26: 21-40.

  72. Lambert EH, Eaton LM, Rooke ED. Defect of neuromuscular transmission associated with malignant neoplasm. Am J Physiol 1956; 187: 612–21.

  73. Newsom-Davis J. Therapy in myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Semin Neurol 2003; 23(2): 191-8.

  74. Benarroch EE. Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels. Neurology 2010; 74: 1310-5.

  75. Mason WP, Graus F, Lang B, et al. Small Cell lung cancer, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Brain 1997; 120: 1279-300.

  76. Kleopa KA, Elman LB, Lang B, et al. Neuromyotonya and limbic encephalitis sera target mature Shaker-type K channels: subunit specificity correlates with clinical man festations. Brain 2006; 129: 1570-84.

  77. Leonovicz BM, Gordon EA, Wass T. Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 1557-9.

  78. Graus F, Lang B, Pozo RP, et al. P/Q Type calcium-channel antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with lung cancer. Neurology 2002; 59: 764-6.

  79. O’ Neill, Murray NMF,Newsom DJ. The Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: A Review of 50 cases. Brain 1988; 111: 577-96.

  80. Sabater L, Titulaer M, Saiz A, et al. SOX1 antibodies are markers of paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 2008; 70: 924-8.

  81. Wirtz PW, Smallegange TM, Wintzen AR, Verschuuren JJ. Differences in clinical features between the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with and without cancer: an analysis of 227 published cases Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002; 104: 359-63.

  82. Lang B, Evoli A. SOX1 auto-antibodies. Neurology 2008; 70: 906-7.

  83. Wirtz PW, Sotodeh M, Nijnuis M, et al. D fference in distribution of muscle weakness between myasthenia gravis and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 766-8.

  84. Chaudhry V, Watson DF, Bird SJ, Cornblath DR. Stimulated single-fiber electromyography in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 1227-30.

  85. Heinemann S, Zabel P, Hauber HP. Paraneoplastic Syndromes in lung cancer. Cancer Therapy 2008; 6: 687-98.

  86. Eggers SDZ, Salomao DR, Dinapoli RP, Vernino S. Paraneoplastic and metastasic neurologic complications of Merckell cell carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 327-30.

  87. Farquhar C, Dickinson A, Bruce M. Prophylactic potential of pentosan polysulphate in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Lancet Neurol 1999; 353: 117-8.

  88. Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 475-90.

  89. Weigert C. Pathologisch-anatomischer Beiträg zur Erb ìschen Krankheit (myasthenia gravis). Neurologisches Zentralblatt 1901; 20: 597-601.

  90. Mygland Ä, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, et al. Autoantibodies in thymomarelated myasthenia gravis with myositis or neuromyotonia. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 527-31.

  91. Kuks JBM, Oosterhuis HJGH Clinical presentation and epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in HJ Kaminski´s Myasthenia Gravis and related disorders. 1st Ed. Humana press; 2003, p. 93-114.

  92. Lovelace RE, Younger DS. Myasthenia gravis with thymoma. Neurology 1997; 48: S76-81.

  93. Tormoehlen LM, Pascuzzi RM. Thymoma, myasthenia gravis, and other paraneoplastic syndromes. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 22: 509-26.

  94. Hohfeld R, Dornmair K. Revisiting the immunopathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies. Neurology 2007; 69: 1966-7.

  95. Amato AA, Greenberg SA. Inflammatory myopathies. Continuum lifelong learning in neurology 2006; 12: 140-68.

  96. Greenberg SA. Proposed immunologic models of the inflammatory myopathies and potential therapeutic implications. Neurology 2007; 69: 2008-19.

  97. Airio AA, Pukkala E, Isomäki H. Elevated cancer incidence in patients with dermatomyositis: a population based study. J Rheumatol 1995; 22:1300-3.

  98. Bohan A, Peter JB, Bowman RL, Pearson CM. A computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with polimyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine 1977; 56: 255-86.

  99. Buchbinder R, Forbes A, Hall S, Dennet X, Giles G. Incidence of malignant disease in biopsy proven inflammatory myopathy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 1087-95.

  100. Callen JP. Myositis and malignancy. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1994; 6: 590-4.

  101. Hill C, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, Evans SR. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population based study. Lancet 2001; 357: 96-100.

  102. Manchul LE, Pritchard KJ, Tenebaum J, Boyd NF, Lee P, Germanson T, Gordon DA. The frequency of malignant neoplasms in patients with polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 1835-9.

  103. Rachima C, Lengevitz P, Livneh A, Blumstein Z, Sadeh M, Bank I, gur H, Ehrenfeld M. High incidence of malignancies in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an 11-year analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 27: 319-24.

  104. Sigurgeirson B, Lindelöf B, Edhag O, Allander E. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis–A population based study. NEJM 1992; 326: 363-7.

  105. Stockton D, Doherty VR, Brewster DH. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, and follow-up implications: a Scottish population-based cohort study. Br J of Cancer 2001; 85: 41-5.

  106. Wakata N, Kurihara T, Saito E, Kinoshita M. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis associated with malignancy: a 30 year retrospective study. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41: 749-34.

  107. Yazici Y, Kagen LJ. Clinical presentation of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2002; 28: 823-32.

  108. Zantos D, Zhang Y, Felson D. The overall and temporal association of cancer with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 1855-9.

  109. Peltier AC, Black BK, Raj SR, et al. Coexistent autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and myasthenia gravis associated with non-small cell lung cancer. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41: 416-9.

  110. Vernino S, Freeman R. Peripheral autonomic neuropathies. Continuum Lifelong Learning in Neurology 2007; 13: 89-110.

  111. Freeman R. Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. Neurol Clin 2007; 25: 277-301.

  112. Sandroni P, Vernino S, Klein CM, et al. Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 44-8.

  113. Vernino S, Sandroni P, Singer W, Low PA. Autonomic ganglia. Neurology 2008; 70: 1926-32.

  114. Grubb BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope. N Eng J Med 2005; 352: 1004-10.

  115. Jacob G, Costa F, Shannon JR, et al. The neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome. N Eng J Med 2000; 343: 1008-14.

  116. Wright GD, Mccullagh CD, Roberts SD. Digital necrosis with Ogilvie´s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56: 224-5.

  117. Benarroch EE. Enteric nervous system-functional organization and neurologic implications. Neurology 2007; 69:1953-7.

  118. Vernino S, Low PA, Fealey RD, et al. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Eng J Med 2000; 343: 847-55.

  119. Matsui N, Mitsui T, Ohshima Y, et al. Anti-neuronal antibodies in acute pandysautonomia. Inter Med 2010; 49: 73-7.

  120. Wildhaber B, Niggli F, Bergsträsser, et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes in ganglioneuroblastoma. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162: 511-3.

  121. Smith DS, Williams CS, Ferris CD. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic gastroparesis and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2003; 32: 619-58.

  122. Jardine DL, Krediet CPT, Robinson BA. Barorreflex failure secondary to paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis in a 17 year old woman with neuroblastoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1645-52.

  123. Kashyap P, Farrugia G. Enteric autoantibodies and gut motility disorders. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2008; 37: 397-410.

  124. Batke M, Cappell MS. Adynamic ileus and acute colonic pseudoobstruction. Med Clin N Am 2008; 92: 649-70.

  125. Choi JS, Lim JS, Kim H, et al. Colonic pseudoobstruction: CT findings. AJR 2008; 190: 1521-6.

  126. Catena F, Caira A, Ansaloni L, et al. Ogilvie´s syndrome treatment. Acta Bio Medica 2003; 74(2): 26-9.

  127. Durai R. Colonic pseudoobstruction. Singapore Med J 2009; 50: 237-44.

  128. Georgescu E, Vasile I, Ionescu R. Intestinal pseuoobstruction: an uncommon condition with heterogeneous etiology and unpredictable outcome. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 954-9.

  129. Kam MA. Intestinal pseudoobstruction. Gut 2000; 47: iv84.

  130. Isaacs H. A syndrome of continuous muscle-fibre activity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1961; 24: 319-25.

  131. Hart IK, Madison P, Newsom DJ, et al. Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Brain 2002; 125:1887-95.

  132. González G, Barros G, Russi ME, et al. Acquired neuromyotonia in childhood: a case report and review. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38: 61-3.

  133. Hayat GR, Ku kantrakorn K, Campbell WW, Guiliani MJ. Neuromyotonia: Autoimmune Pathogenesis and response to immune modularing therapy. J Neurol Sci 2000; 181: 38-43.

  134. Newsom-Davis J, Mills KR. Immunological associations of acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac’s syndrome): Report of five cases and literature review. Brain 1993; 116: 453-69.

  135. Ishii A, Hayashi A, Ohkoshi N, et al. Clinical evaluation of plasma exchange and high dose intravenous immunoglobulin in a patient with Isaacs´syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 840-2.

  136. Shillito P, Molenaar PC, Vincent A, et al. Acquired Neuromyotonia: evidence for autoantibodies directed against K+ channels of peripheral nerves. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 714-22.

  137. Pascual J, Sánchez PR, Berciano J, Calleja J. Paraneoplastic myotonia. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 694-5.

  138. Cottrel DA, Blackmore KJ, Fawcett PRW, et al. Subacute presentation of Morvan´s syndrome after thymectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1504-9.

  139. Lee EK, Maselli RA, Ellis WG, et al. Morvan´s fibrillary chorea: a paraneoplastic manifestation of thymoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 857-62.

  140. Liguori R, Vincent A, Clover L, et al. Morvan´s syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltagegated potassium channels. Brain 2001; 124: 2417-26.

  141. Spinazzi M, Argentiero V, Zuliani L, et al. Immunotherapy-revered compulsive monoaminergic, circadian rhythm disorder in Morvan syndrome. Neurology 2008; 71: 2008-10.

  142. Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, et al. Calcium-channel antibodies in the Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other paraneoplastic syndromes. N Eng J Med 1995; 332: 1467-74.

  143. Molinuevo JL, Graus F, Serrando C. et al. Utility of Anti-Hu in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 976-80.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com