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Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2012, Número 2

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Rev Invest Clin 2012; 64 (2)


Factores de riesgo asociados con retinopatía de la prematurez y alteraciones visuales en infantes nacidos con peso extremadamente bajo

Martínez-Cruz CF, Salgado-Valladares M, Poblano A, Trinidad-Pérez MC

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 35
Paginas: 136-143
Archivo PDF: 173.83 Kb.


RESUMEN

Objetivo. La retinopatía de la prematurez (ReP) es una enfermedad vascular de la retina y una causa frecuente de ceguera en infantes. Objetivo. Medir la frecuencia de la ReP en neonatos con peso extremadamente bajo al nacimiento (PEBN ‹ 1,000 g) provenientes de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales; se midió la asociación de ReP con varios factores de riesgo y sus resultados como errores refractivos y estrabismo. Material y métodos. Se llevaron a cabo dos cortes temporales a partir del estudio prospectivo: uno en el periodo neonatal y el segundo tras un seguimiento a largo plazo. Se realizó un examen fundoscópico en cada niño en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos para detectar ReP. Los niños ingresaron a un programa de seguimiento de la función visual durante un promedio de ocho años, sus resultados fueron comparados con los de niños con PEBN sin ReP. Resultados. De 139 niños examinados en la UCIN, 24.4% fueron identificados con ReP: 79% retinopatía grado I; 18% grado II y un niño con grado III. Las zonas comprometidas fueron: zona 1, 12%; zona 2, 79% y zona 3, 9%. Los factores de riesgo asociados fueron: eclampsia (p = 0.003), edad gestacional (0.01), gestación múltiple (0.03), días de estancia hospitalaria (‹ 0.001) y baja ventilación mecánica (0.001); hipoxia (0.01); terapia con O2 (‹ 0.001); apnea (0.005); acidosis (0.001) e hipercapnea (0.001). Al final del seguimiento la ReP se autolimitó en todos los niños. No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia de errores refractivos y estrabismo entre niños con ReP y controles. Conclusiones. Se encontró una frecuencia moderadamente alta de ReP en niños con peso extremadamente bajo al nacer, en la Ciudad de México, y se recomienda el examen temprano obligatorio de ReP para iniciar un tratamiento temprano.


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