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Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2011, Número 5

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Rev Invest Clin 2011; 63 (5)


MicroRNAs en el diagnóstico y prognosis del cáncer pulmonar

Ávila-Moreno F, Urrea F, Ortiz-Quintero B

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 152
Paginas: 516-535
Archivo PDF: 348.32 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los microRNAs (miRNAs) son RNAs pequeños no codificantes de origen endógeno que regulan la expresión genética a nivel postranscripcional mediante el bloqueo de la traducción o la inducción de la degradación de RNA mensajeros blanco. Los miRNAs regulan diversos procesos celulares esenciales incluyendo ciclo celular, diferenciación, apoptosis y hematopoyesis, revelando uno de los mecanismos principales de regulación de la expresión genética en la naturaleza. Estudios recientes han demostrado alteraciones en la expresión de miRNAs en tumores sólidos y hematológicos, además de la asociación de ciertos miRNAs con funciones oncogénicas y de supresión tumoral, sugiriendo un papel clave de los miRNAs en la carcinogénesis. Aunado a lo anterior, alteraciones en los perfiles de expresión de miRNAs permiten distinguir el tejido tumoral del tejido sano, además de evaluar la agresividad tumoral y evolución clínica en diversos tipos de cáncer, incluyendo el cáncer pulmonar. Estos perfiles únicos de expresión parecen no depender de la edad, género o raza, señalando su uso potencial en el diagnóstico y pronóstico del cáncer. Estos hallazgos son particularmente prometedores para el cáncer pulmonar, enfermedad que permanece como una de las causas principales de muerte por neoplasias a nivel mundial, atribuible a un diagnóstico tardío de la enfermedad. Esta revisión describe el potencial de los miRNAs como biomarcadores para el diagnóstico, clasificación histológica y estimación de la prognosis del cáncer pulmonar, así como los métodos actuales para la detección cuantitativa de dichos miRNAs. Además, se incluye la información reciente de los miRNAs circulantes como biomarcadores potenciales en el cáncer pulmonar. El escrito contiene además la descripción de la biogénesis de los miRNAs, la nomenclatura oficial y la información de la base de datos de secuencias de miRNAs disponible actualmente en la red.


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