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2012, Número S1

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Rev Med UV 2012; 12 (S1)


El cerebro adicto

Ruiz CAE, Méndez DM, Romano LA, Caynas S, Prospéro GO

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 103
Paginas: 43-50
Archivo PDF: 441.09 Kb.


RESUMEN

La adicción a sustancias es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Un cerebro adicto se desarrolla a consecuencia de cambios en la fisiología cerebral. Las drogas gustan porque activan prioritariamente al sistema cerebral del placer; este efecto aumenta la probabilidad de que el sujeto consuma nuevamente la droga. Sin embargo, este consumo también activa, aunque en menor intensidad, a sistemas cerebrales como al de castigo. Conforme se hace asiduo al consumo de la droga, se presentan cambios en la actividad de diversos sistemas neuroquímicos cerebrales. Uno de estos cambios es la hiperactivación del sistema de castigo que se expresa ante la ausencia de la droga. Dicha hiperactivación se asocia con la presencia del síndrome de abstinencia. De esta manera, la recaída en el consumo de la droga ocurre para eliminar las respuestas fisiológicas adversas asociadas a dicho síndrome de abstinencia. Adicionalmente, hay un sistema que inhibe al del placer. Se genera en la corteza prefrontal y termina activando al globo pálido interno. Este pierde su control sobre el del placer, por lo que facilita la ocurrencia de respuestas impulsivas. Igualmente, ocurre plasticidad cerebral en regiones que controlan el consumo de la droga provocando que se vuelva habitual y que se aprenda la relación entre claves ambientales y el consumo de la droga. Es posible que exista un cerebro pre-adicto o vulnerable a la adicción, dependiente de la carga genética o por cambios epigenéticos. Por ello, es necesario conocer cómo las variaciones genéticas están implicadas en las adicciones, a fin de favorecer terapias más eficientes; además, controlar factores ambientales que de otra manera facilitan el consumo de drogas por el sujeto y de esta manera promover la prevención.


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